Thursday, August 27, 2020

Environmental Education and Education for Sustainability Essay

QUESTION 1 What global occasions impacted the improvement of Environmental Education and Education for Sustainability? Rundown the key turns of events and occasions in a short 1-page point-structure account giving the pertinent names of occasions and dates/years in which they occurred 1) The 1972 United Nations Conference on Human Environment Stockholm It drove straightforwardly to the foundation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), which turned into the principal UN office to have its central command situated outside of Europe and North America in Nairobi in Kenya, East Africa. Among the principal assignments given to the UNEP was to set up term Ëœenvironmental instruction. Along with Unesco, UNEP sorted out the principal International Workshop on Environmental Education in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1975 and following on this, the first Inter-legislative Conference on Environmental Education held at Tbilisi in the USSR in 1977. This meeting brought about the announcement of 12 principals presently alluded to as the Tbilisi Principals of Environmental Education which gave the system and rules to the act of natural training on a worldwide, local, and national scale. The 1987 International Conference on Environmental Education held in Moscow reaffirmed the Tbilisi Principals as sound rules for the advancement of national condition al instruction programs. 2) The Tbilisi Principles of Environmental Education Think about the earth in its totality regular and manufactured, innovative and social (financial, political, social chronicled, good, tasteful) Be a nonstop deep rooted process, starting at the preschool level and proceeding through all formal and non-formal stages Be interdisciplinary in its methodology, drawing on the particular substance of each control in making conceivable an all encompassing and adjusted viewpoint Examine major ecological issues from neighborhood, national, territorial, and worldwide perspectives with the goal that understudies get bits of knowledge into natural conditions in other land zones Focus on current and expected ecological circumstances while considering the authentic point of view Advance estimation of, and need for nearby, national, and universal collaboration in the avoidance and arrangement of natural issues Explicitly consider ecological perspectives in plans for the turn of events and development Enable learners to have a job in arranging their learning encounters and give a chance to settling on choices and tolerating their results Enable students to have a job in arranging their learning encounters and give a chance to settling on choices and tolerating their outcomes Relate ecological affectability, information. Critical thinking abilities and qualities explanation to each age, yet with extraordinary accentuation on ecological affectability to the students own locale in early years Help students find the manifestations and genuine reasons for natural issues Emphasize the unpredictability of natural issues and along these lines the need to create basic reasoning and critical thinking aptitudes Utilize differing learning situations and a wide exhibit of instructive ways to deal with educating/finding out about and from the earth, with due weight on pragmatic exercises and direct understanding 3) The 1992 Rio Earth Summit The 1992 Earth Summit concentrated on the job of ecological instruction as an instructive reaction to the natural emergency. Section 36 of Agenda 21 (UNCED, 1992), was one of the key archives to rise up out of the meeting , underscores the requirement for wide-scale ecological instructive projects in different settings, while the Å"BioDiversity Convention  incorporates training and limit building , as do a large number of the other global shows planned for reacting to a wide scope of natural issues Plan 21 portrays ecological instruction forms that include instructors and students in Å"promoting maintainable turn of events and improving the limit of individuals to address condition and improvement issues  representing the nearby connection between changes in the field of natural training and the conspicuousness of the thought of reasonable advancement at the Rio Earth Summit. An advancement connected to the 1992 Earth Summit was the improvement of a Treaty on Environmental Education for Sustainable Societies, which was received at a whole gathering by the International Forum of NGOs and Social Movements 4) The NGO Forum Principals Instruction is the privilege of all; we are largely students and instructors Environmental training, regardless of whether formal, non-formal or casual, ought to grounded in basic and inventive deduction in wherever or time, advancing the change and development of society Environment training is both individual and group. It means to create nearby and worldwide citizenship with deference for self-assurance and the power of countries Environmental training isn't unbiased however it esteem based. It is a represent social change Environmental instruction must include an all encompassing methodology and hence an interdisciplinary concentration in the connection between people, nature and the universe Environmental training must animate solidarity, correspondence, and regard for the human rights including majority rule procedures and an open atmosphere of social exchange Natural training should treat basic worldwide issues, their causes and interrelationship in a deliberate methodology and inside their social and authentic settings. Natural instruction must recuperate, perceive, regard, reflect and use indigenous history and nearby societies, just as advance social, semantic and biological decent variety. Ecological instruction must encourage equivalent organizations in the procedures dynamic at all levels and stages Environmental training ought to engage all people groups and advance open door for grassroots vote based change and support. Natural instruction esteems every single distinctive type of information. Information is assorted, total and socially delivered and ought not be protected or cornered Environmental instruction must be intended to empower individuals to deal with clashes in just and sympathetic manners Environmental training must invigorate discourse and collaboration among people and foundations so as to make new ways of life which depend on meeting everyones essential needs, paying little heed to ethnic sex, age, strict, class, physical or mental contrasts Environmental training requires a democratization of the broad communications and its pledge to the enthusiasm of all areas of society. Ecological instruction must coordinate information, aptitudes, qualities, mentalities and activities Education must assistance create and moral attention to all types of existence with people share this planet, regard all life cycles, and force restricts on people misuse of different types of life. QUESTION 2 The IUCN characterizes ecological training as follows: Ecological training is a procedure during which esteems are found and ideas are disclosed so as to create abilities and mentalities pertaining to a valuation for the connection between man, his way of life and his biophysical condition. Condition instruction likewise incorporates the act of dynamic and the definition of individual set of principles on issues influencing the nature of the earth. In a school setting, you watch the accompanying: Paper and litter is tossed over the entire school and the school grounds are unkempt Lights are left on in homerooms and workplaces after school is over Taps are typically left dripping As an ecological teacher you understand that this a chance to instruct the students and the staff at your school about the earth issues watched and to assist them with making a move to react to these issues. Quickly clarify: 3) What esteems you can show the school corresponding to the watched ecological issues? The significance of a spotless situation is a sound domain. We can show kids the significance of reusing. 4) What abilities should be created to address the issues? We have to instruct students the dangers that litter causes to the earth for example litter can be a fire risk; it could damage or murder creatures, can square conduits, litter looks awful and is a blemish for anyone. 5) What perspectives should be created in the school? Students and kids need to build up an inspirational demeanor, to include the whole school in a reusing program, which can be reached out to the network. 6) What choices should be made by the school the board to address these issues? Make mindfulness by giving reusing canisters to paper, glass and plastic. Pick a territory on a week by week premise and include the students and guardians to take an interest in tidying up the zone. Have mindfulness gatherings with the students, have diagrams in the study halls, go on field trips. 7) What set of accepted rules should be created for students in the school to address these issues? The standards of the school must be severe, youngsters are to get detainment in the event that they are discovered littering. QUESTION 3 Training for manageability and instruction for economical advancement are noticeable in this decade for maintainable turn of events. Answer the following questions in regards to this: 3.1 Define the term practical turn of events Supportable advancement implies guaranteeing the noble day to day environments concerning human rights by making and keeping up the most stretched out conceivable scope of alternatives for uninhibitedly characterizing life plans 3.2 Name two natural markers of manageability Utilization and age of waste are limited Sustainable, non-poisonous vitality sources are utilized or potentially discarded to the advantage of the earth and network 3.3 Name two social pointers of manageability There are satisfactory chances/advances for correspondence inside the network and for associating, as is fitting, with the overall network The abilities, aptitudes and different assets of the network are shared fr

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Is Sims Metal Management making the right strategic initiatives in the Dissertation

Is Sims Metal Management making the privilege vital activities in the metal reusing industry - Dissertation Example The exploration was directed utilizing poll technique on the workers, which were 32 on the whole. The outcomes uncovers that the firm has not been rehearsing CSR inside however takes a stab at making an outside picture of a decent corporate firm. In addition, the firm has been enjoying development techniques with acquisitions, mergers and broadening. The workers likewise shed a light on how valuable these key moves might be for the firm and whether the firm is dealing with its representatives or not. Towards the end suggestions like, taking security measures for representatives, being educated about enactments in the worldwide business, framing a crisis unit, mechanical progressions and worker preparing has been given. List of chapters Chapter 1-Interduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Purpose of the examination 1 1.4 Research issue 2 1.5 Research strategy 2 1.6 Aims and Objectives 3 1.7 Layout of the report 3 1.8 Validity limits 4 Chapter 2-Literature Review 2.1Introdu ction 5 2.1Industry Overview 5 2.3 Sims Metal Management Metal Management 6 2.4 Competitive investigation 7 2.5 Demand for recyclable metal 8 2.6 International business the executives 9 2.7 Supply chain and metal reusing 9 2.8 Pestle investigation 11 2.8.1 Political/lawful condition 11 2.8.1.1 Regulations 12 2.8.2 Social Environment 12 2.8.3 Economic condition 13 2.8.4 Economic dangers included 13 2.8.5 Ecological condition 14 2.8.5.1 Structured changes 14 2.8.6 Technological progression 15 2.9 SWOT investigation 15 2.9.1. Qualities 15 2.9.1.2 Strong structure 15 2.9.1.3 Business improvement 16 2.9.2 Weakness 16 2.9.2.1 Insufficient wellbeing estimates 16 2.9.2.2 Ineffective administration 17 2.9.2.3 Complicated enactments 17 2.9.3 Opportunities 17 2.9.3.1 New markets 17 2.9.3.2 New reusing units 18 2.9.3.3 natural cognizance 18 2.9.3.4 Efficient procedures 18 2.9.3.5 Incorporate innovation 19 2.9.4 Threats 19 2.9.4.1 Industry dangers and costs 19 2.9.4.2 Developing nations 20 2.9.4 .3 The authoritative hindrances 20 Chapter 3-Methodology 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Research Paradigm 21 3.3 Questionnaire technique 22 3.4 Sample 22 3.4.1 Sample choice 23 3.5 Questionnaire 24 3.6 Data investigation 24 3.7 Privacy of the subjects 24 3.7 Trustworthiness of the system utilized 25 3.8.1 Reliability 25 3.8.2 Validity 25 3.8.3 Ethical legitimacy 26 3.8.4 Generalized legitimacy 26 Chapter 4 Data examination 27 4.1 Introduction 27 4.2 Internal condition of Sims Group UK 27 4.3 Is the firm developing the correct way in the financial downturn? 33 4.4 Technological joining in the firm 35 Chapter 5-Conclusion and Recommendations 37 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Recommendations 40 5.2.1 tough wellbeing measures 40 5.2.1 Emergency unit 40 5.2.2 Business techniques 40 5.2.3 development systems 41 5.2.4 representative preparing 41 5.2.5 Technological headway 41 5.2.6 CSR 41 5.2.7 Legislative data 42 5.3 Limitations of the Research 42 Appendix 43 References 45 Chapter 1-Interduction 1.1 I ntroduction In section 1, the creator gives a point by point record of the exploration theme clarifying why it was picked. The foundation of the exploration is additionally given alongside the reasons why the examination was led. The strategy of the exploration has been given in detail alongside the examination paper design. 1.2 Background According to Eddolls (2012), Sims Metal Management is an Australian based worldwide worry that reuses metal. The firm has 42 reusing plants in

Friday, August 21, 2020

Topics to Write an Essay on For High School

Topics to Write an Essay on For High SchoolIf you're trying to find topics to write an essay on for high school, it might be a good idea to know what the goal is. In this article, I'll tell you how to locate topics to write an essay on for high school.Many students only dream about writing an essay. When they do eventually get around to it, they discover that they don't know where to begin. This can make their writing very hard to read, because there are so many words they have to remember.If you want to write an essay on topics to write an essay on for high school, then the first thing you need to do is to start looking for topics to write an essay on for high school. There is no secret to finding them. In fact, you'll find all of them on your own. What you should do instead is to create a list of some of the topics that you would like to write an essay on for high school.Here are some examples of topics that you might consider. Whether you pick the topic that is popular or not, you 'll still find plenty of others that are.- Sports - you're not just concerned with a team, but rather a sport that has become very popular in your state. The most popular, of course, is football. You'll find plenty of books written on these subjects, which include topics to write an essay on for high school.- Life - sometimes the events that happen in your life are so extraordinary that you never stop thinking about them. These events can affect your relationships, your opinions, and of course, your writing.- Government - whether it's local state or federal, there is plenty to learn from government. There is plenty of advice that you can use to help you succeed in your future endeavors. Theses are topics to write an essay on for high school.Now, there are other things that are considered common sense. These may not always be easy to find, but if you keep looking for them, you will likely find them in no time.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Sample Resume Financial Analysis And Reporting Skills

Broadly skilled and versatile assistant accountant and bookkeeper with more than 10+ years experience across multiple industries, providing both hands-on accounting support and higher level reporting. Excellent financial analysis and reporting skills, providing insights, trends and financial statistics for senior management to use in decision making. Able to confidently maintain large AP AR ledgers, Recognised as someone who is pro-active with the ability to quickly identify improvements in processes and offer recommendations to strengthen reporting controls. †¢ Statutory Financial Reports †¢ General Bookkeeping †¢ General Ledgers †¢ Accounts Receivables †¢ Accounts Payable †¢ Management Reports †¢ Bank Reconciliations †¢ Cash Management †¢ Inter-Company Reconciliations †¢ Aged Debtor Management †¢ End of Month †¢ Fixed Assets †¢ Tax Returns †¢ Payroll Maintenance †¢ Troubleshooting Accounts Qualifications Education: †¢ CIMA Certificate in Business Accounting (Credit) Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), 2014 Subjects included: Fundamentals of Management Accounting, Financial Accounting, Business Mathematics, Business Economics †¢ National Diploma: Cost and Management Accounting (Credit) Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2004 Named best student in the 4-year course: BTech: Cost and Management Accounting by the Faculty of Business Informatics at the Cape Technikon at the end of the year 2004. Subjects included: Financial Accounting, Cost and Management Accounting,Show MoreRelatedSample Resume : Financial Analysis And Reporting Skills919 Words   |  4 Pagesboth hands-on accounting support and higher level reporting. Excellent financial analysis and reporting skills, providing insights, trends and financial statistics for senior management to use in decision making. Able to confidently maintain large AP AR ledgers, Recognised as someone who is pro-active with the ability to quickly identify improvements in processes and offer recommendations to strengthen reporting controls. †¢ Statutory Financial Reports †¢ General Bookkeeping †¢ General Ledgers †¢Read MoreCard 405- Rough Draft Portfolio1921 Words   |  8 PagesEducation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Resume†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Professional development and Training †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..10 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Reference List †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Awards and Accomplishments †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Volunteer History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Professional Affiliations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Career Path †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Work Samples †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreCulture6797 Words   |  28 PagesDate of commencement: 1st April 2013 of Summer Training 5. Number of days present 45 days out of 45 days. 6. I hereby declare that, I have learnt following skills during my Summer Training: Sr. | Description | 1 | Recruitment process | 2 | Reference check | 3 | Working Naukri | 4 | Interview process | 5 | Reporting process | DECLARATION I, Kavita Kumari student of MBA-HR studying in VIth Trimester, hereby declare that the Summer Training report on â€Å"RecruitmentRead MoreJob Analysis Of Job Analysis And Competency Based Job9467 Words   |  38 Pagesprocess of planning, recruiting, selecting, and training. CHN’s staffing activities use two types of job analysis: job requirements job analysis and competency based job analysis. The jobs requirements job analysis established the details or tasks and their importance in performing the job, along with necessary KSAOs the employee applies to succeed in performing the job. The competency based job analysis bestowed the general competencies of the company, aligning them with the organization’s overall missionRead MoreEmployment Cycle15431 Words   |  62 PagesSA Establishment M Uncorrected sample pages †¢ Cambridge University Press †¢  © Somers, Cain, Jeffery 2011 †¢ 978-1-107-63549-4 †¢ Ph 03 8671 1400 PL Strategic business objectives Human resources planning Employment cycle Maintenance Termination What’s ahead E 10 ManageMent of the eMployMent cycle PL demand and supply of labour, succession planning and the overall management of the three phases of the employment cycle: establishment, maintenance and termination. Key Knowledge Read MoreGuidelines for Writing Project Proposal3565 Words   |  15 Pagesthe rector or president of a university, the head of a government department, or the executive officer of a non-governmental organization.) In cases where the research leader and the responsible officer are the same, please have the responsible financial officer of the institution submit or co-sign the formal request. In cases where there has been no previous collaboration between the institution presenting the proposal and IDRC, a copy of the document certifying the legal status of the institutionRead MoreInternal Audit Function and Fraud Detection in Government Agencies. Acase Study of Naads Kumi7549 Words   |  31 Pagesintervention mechanisms like financial reporting and external audit to helps maintain cost-efficient contracting between owners and managers. It is designed by government agencies to add value and improve organizational performance. It helps organizations accomplish their objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approaches to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes.† Internal audit helps organizations to ensure that financial and other records areRead MoreBusiness Case: Marketing Research for Customers Segmentation12172 Words   |  49 Pages........ 13 3.4.3 Defining Survey Content ........................ ..................................................... 13 3.4.4 Analysis Plan .............................................................................................. 14 3.4.5 Fielding the Survey ..................................................................................... 15 3.4.6 Analysis Interpretation ............................................................................. 15 3.4.7 Translating Results to ActionRead MoreSyllabus: Business Communication and Report Writing2672 Words   |  11 PagesTechnology in Modern Communication: Electronic media in oral and written communication, Telephone, Fax, ISD, computer, internet, E-mail, multimedia and business related software. 8. Communication skills: Improving skills in non-verbal and verbal communication ( Effective listening, reading skills, effective writing –style and techniques, writing techniques, barriers to effective communication and their removal. 9. Business Report Writing: Types of report, characteristics and importance ofRead MoreLiterature Review on External Sources of Recruitment11779 Words   |  48 Pagescommonly known as job boards. Other  employment  sites offer  employer reviews, career and job-search advice describe different job descriptions or employers. Through a job website a prospective employee can locate and fill out a  job application  or submit  resumes  over the Internet for the advertised position. The primary aim of recruiting online, through job portals and recruitment companies is to help you source your staff directly and reduce the cost of hiring the best available candidate for the

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Same Sex Marriage And Parenting - 999 Words

Same-Sex Marriage and Parenting Same-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. While I know that I am firmly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I firmly believe that traditional marriage and traditional parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. Therefore, same-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are to me, issues concerning a society with strong traditional cultural identities. It seems that homosexuals feel excluded from society because heterosexuals are intolerant of gay cultural practices. I also firmly believe that same-sex couples should not be able to adopt because the homosexuality of the relationship would have an adverse influence and impact on the adopted child. Same-sex couples should not have the legal right to adopt because it limits the children, and their ability to explore and to ex press their individuality and orientation. What I mean is that, by having same-sex parents, the adopted children are deprived of a fully informed choice to determine decisive roles and sexual orientation. Same-sex couples should have the right to personally express who they are and how they are feeling; however, not through their marriage and adoptive parenting. They lately seem to be obsessed with their world and creating an environment to force us to notice them by their â€Å"flamboyant†Show MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage And Parenting938 Words   |  4 PagesSame-Sex Marriage and Parenting Gay and lesbian couples wish to get married for many of the equivalent reasons that heterosexual couples wish to for love, constant companionship, and to create a nuclear family environment. A survey of same-sex marriage and same-sex parenting reveals several challenges facing gay and lesbian couples, most noticeable being the stereotyping their lifestyles, parenting, and gay beliefs. In the United States, marriage egalitarianism has started to structure itself.Read MoreSame Sex Marriage And Marriage948 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. I know that I am strongly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I vigorously believe that traditional marriage and parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. Therefore, same-sex marriage and parenting ar e to me, issues of a society with strong traditional cultural identitiesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal958 Words   |  4 PagesAs of June 26th, 2015, same-sex marriage is legal. The landmark Supreme Court case caused much controversy over the ruling. Many are rejoicing over the freedom to marry whoever they desire, proclaiming a recently popular phrase, â€Å"love wins.† However, there are some who strongly oppose the ruling; many disagree due to opinion and religious beliefs. Some are reluctant to accept this change because they do not like the idea of a sterile marriage where biologically producing children on their own isRead More Social and Legal Obstacles of Gay and Lesbian Parenting Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesSocial and Legal Obstacles of Gay and Lesbian Parenting In the last decade there has been a rise in the number of lesbians and gay men forming their own families. Many do this through adoption, foster care, artificial insemination, and other means. Today, researchers have estimated that the number of children living with one gay or lesbian parent is six to fourteen million. Some have described this current period as a lesbian and gay â€Å"baby boom†. However, lesbian and gay parents face many socialRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage Same sex marriage also known as gay marriage is the union between two of the same gender having all legal rights allotted to this agreement in a given jurisdiction. According to opponents of same sex marriages such unions are more of abandonment of gender since one cannot be in the said union and still believe gender is important. Supporters of same sex marriage however refer to same sex unions as marriage equality. Same sex marriages challenge the traditional meaning of marriageRead MoreEssay about Opposition Toward Same Sex Marriage883 Words   |  4 PagesMany arguments against same sex marriage are based on religion. Orthodox Christians, for example, view marriage as a reunion of the essence of man and the essence of woman as portrayed in the book of Genesis. The bible statesâ€Å" If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads.† (The NIV Study Bible, Lev 20.1 3). The United States however was not founded on, and is not ran upon, the laws ofRead MoreHow Changes Of Marriage And Family Will Change American Society949 Words   |  4 PagesChanges to Marriage and Family will change American Society Temitope Layode DeVry University PHIL 447 Spring 2016 How Changes to Marriage and Family will change American Society Over time, the American society has derailed from the traditional reason and forms of marriage and family set up. The American society acceptance of non-marital childbearing (single parenting), same- sex marriage has led to the trending poverty rate in average families. The main objective of the institution of marriage was meantRead MoreTrends in Family Formation Supporting Same Sex Marriage 1193 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges. These have caused young people to question whether the traditional way of doing things is practical in the twenty first century and many do not intend on following their parents’ footsteps in relation to marriage and parenting (Morrison, Headrick, Wasoff Morton, 2004). Marriages and heterosexual relationships in the current world are in the process of change. In the past, these were created and nurtured in such a way that they lasted for many years, with the intention of being life longRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Parenting1435 Words   |  6 Pages The debate over same-sex parenting and same sex couples being capable of raising healthy children in the United States is a contentious one, speakers on both sides continue to work hard to have their voices heard. Some believe that being raised by same sex couples will cause the children to pursue same sex relationships in the future. The supreme court has been working towards equality and listening to arguments on the rights for same-sex couples to not only marry but to adopt and raise childrenRead MoreEssay on Same-Sex Parenting and Child Development1110 Words   |  5 PagesSame-Sex Parenting In the last ten years, many established gay men and lesbians have been increasingly undertaking parenthood through donor insemination, surrogacy, or fostering and adoption (McCann, 2005). Thus, a new type of family formation in American society has been generated. Due to the formation of same-sex households, gay and lesbian parenting is no longer a concept. This type of parenting has become a reality which society as a whole is struggling to accept (McCann, 2005). In 2010

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Merry-Go-Round by Langston Hughes - 512 Words

â€Å"Merry-Go-Round† is a poem about a little colored child that goes to the carnival. The child wants to ride the merry-go-round, but has a problem finding the back. From where the child comes from, Jim Crow laws segregate the blacks from the whites. This poem has a lot of depth and meaning, although it sounds very simple. It also tells us the mindset of most blacks in the South in the days of segregation. I chose this poem because the boy’s innocence was touching and its deep meaning was very powerful. In the beginning, the child asks, â€Å"Where is the Jim Crow section on this merry-go-round, mister, cause I want to ride?† in lines 1-3. Jim Crow laws are laws that segregate the blacks from the whites, so you can infer that the Jim Crow section is solely for the blacks. If you go to a carnival right now, colored children won’t be asking for the direction to the Jim Crow section. This points out that in the old days, blacks had to sit in different secti ons than the whites. The child then continues to say, â€Å"Down South where I come from white and colored can’t sit side by side.† In lines 4-6. As I said above, blacks had to sit in separate sections away from the whites down in the South. In addition, this tells you how sever racism was in the South because even a child knows that blacks and whites were supposed to be segregated. The child continues on and says, â€Å"Down South on the train there’s a Jim Crow car. On the bus we’re put in the back, but there ain’t no back to aShow MoreRelatedThe Poem Merry Go Round By Langston Hughes1357 Words   |  6 PagesAround and Around In the poem, Merry-Go-Round by Langston Hughes, the first line exhbits a child asking the question, â€Å"Where is the Jim Crow section?† ( Hughes, 1). This line refers to the Jim Crow of the South that was established during the late 1800s to the 1960s. After the Civil War, freed slaves were given opportunities to become real class citizens. Many White Southerners did not like the fact that freed slaves were given the same rights as them and were using the same facilities, too. TheRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Langston Hughes Merry Go Round1789 Words   |  8 Pages A Critical Analysis of Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Merry-Go-Round† â€Å"Where Is The Jim Crow Section† Langston Hughes (1942) A little boy, accompanied by his mother, holds a ticket as he looks excitedly at a county fair’s carnival ride. As they get closer to the merry-go-round, he anticipates all the fun he will have, but then a puzzled look crosses his face.â€Å"Merry-Go-Round† by Langston Hughes criticizes the Jim Crow laws in the U.S. The justice system of Jim Crow were state and local lawsRead MoreThe Black Man and Langston Hughes1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough heritage, tradition, and folk traditions. Langston Hughes to me has been nourishing the black sensibility and inspiring it to create Afro American literation and transforming it into a â€Å"literature of struggle.† The poetry of Langston Hughes has the theme of â€Å" I, too sing America† He made extraordinary contributions to American literature and has came to be regarded as a leading voice in the Renaissance of the arts in the 1920’s. Hughes growing up asked the same question to himself ofRead MoreIdentity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes2807 Words   |  12 PagesSearch for Identity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes In exploring the problem of identity in Black literature we find no simple or definite explanation. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that it is rooted in the reality of the discriminatory social system in America with its historic origins in the institution of slavery. One can discern that this slavery system imposes a double burden on the Negro through severe social and economic inequalities and through the heavy psychological consequencesRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Civil Rights Movement837 Words   |  4 Pagessegregation. Jim Crow Laws defined times of racial segregation through isolation and unfair treatment. The first way the Jim Crow Laws defined times of racial segregation was through isolation. The human race today will never know what it was really like to go through times like this. Blacks were isolated from almost everything, especially sitting with whites, talking to whites, and going the same places as whites. For instance, in the Encyclopedia Britannica on the Jim Crow Laws it states, From the lateRead More Search for Identity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay2704 Words   |  11 PagesSearch for Identity in the Poetry of Langston Hughes In exploring the problem of identity in Black literature we find no simple or definite explanation. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that it is rooted in the reality of the discriminatory social system in America with its historic origins in the institution of slavery. One can discern that this slavery system imposes a double burden on the Negro through severe social and economic inequalities and through the heavy psychological consequencesRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesthen children’s literature is defined by audience in a way other literature tends not to be (Hunt 1999). Yet if we argue that a recognizable children’s literature requires a recognizable childhood, then children’s literature as a formal category would go back only as far as the eighteenth century when the concept of â€Å"childhood† was philosophically created. Childrens literature comprises those texts that have been written specifically for children and those texts that children have selected to read

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Developing Quality Assurance and Improvement Program

Question: Discuss about the Developing Quality Assurance and Improvement Program. Answer: Introduction: In accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the auditors are responsible for dissecting the overall organisational data to find out any type of manipulations or misstatements, which might obstruct its financial progress. Since the auditors are responsible for depicting qualified or unqualified audit reports to conform to the GAAP rules and regulations, King Queen has presented that the financial reports of Impulse Pty Limited are not qualified. According to such unqualified report, it has been found that Impulse Pty Limited has complied with all the necessary regulations in disclosing its financial reports. As commented by Bagshaw (2013), the qualified and unqualified audit reports primarily depict that the organisation has represented the values of the different items in the financial reports in an accurate manner. On the contrary, Ahmed Haji et al. (2016) are of the view that the auditors often adopt unscrupulous measures to maximise their financial gain by providing firms with unqualified audit reports, which are not prepared in compliance with the GAAP rules. In addition, from the provided case, it has been found that the auditor has provided unqualified auditor report to Impulse Pty Limited. This implies that the organisation has developed its financial statements by complying with the GAAP rules. However, the problem of liquidation is inherent, as could be observed from the financial statements. Hence, it signifies that EFL has not analysed the financial statements of Impulse Pty Limited carefully before associating itself in the scope of investment. Along with this, the organisation has not adopted effective asset valuation methods, which requires an audit report to evaluate the financial reports. According to Bedard, Cannon and Schnader (2014), it is the responsibility of the auditors to conduct valuation methods, which is necessary to perceive the financial position of an organisation. However, as argued by Chambers and Odar (2015), the auditors often use qualified connotation for the organisations, which do not depict sufficient financial information in their annual reports. The liquidation issue of Impulse Pty Limited primarily depicts that the organisation has been struggling to settle off its short-term dues and obligations. This is because the debtors turnover and inventory turnover have decreased over the period. Such cash flow minimisation has further aggravated the liquidation problem of Impulse Pty Limited, which has hindered the ability of the organisation to make payments. In this context, Christensen, Glover and Wood (2012) stated that with the assistance of the auditors, the firms are able to guard their liquidity issues and present sound financial conditions. However, the pertinent regulations and cases could be located, which would contribute to understanding the actual value of liability of King Queen. As cited by Cohen and Simnett (2014), the Liability Limitation Agreements (LLAs) of 2008 provide an opportunity to the auditors to minimise any type of litigations, which could be depicted in the audit report of the firms suffering from losses. The unqualified audit report presented on the part of King Queen for the year 2012 has not signified any type of liquidation issues faced on the part of EFL. However, the main liquidation issues have primarily lead to losses, which was acquired on the part of EFL. The particular cases like Lehmann Brothers and Dick Smith have lead to significant losses for a number of investors. Moreover, the CEO and the directors of the organisations have been prosecuted in the court, while the auditors have been fined a meagre amount. The regulatory authority has arrived at a decision that the auditors could not be held liable for payment of any loss acquired on the part of the investors. In the provided case, the financial situation is depicted in the annual report of the organisation, which has been used on the part of EFL for investment conduction. Thus, such wrong presentation in the financial reports denotes the negligence in terms of the responsibility of the auditor. In this regard, Decaux and Sarens (2015) argued that the audit firm primarily depicts authenticity in the financial statements, which could be manipulated for monetary benefits. The particular cases such as Law Society vs. KPMG Peat Marwick and Others; CHD 3 NOV, 1999 and Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners (1964) AC 465 depict the influence framed on the part of the auditors for making investment-related decisions. The above two cases resemble the negligence of the responsibility of the auditors, which have resulted in significant losses and scandals. Hence, after evaluation of the above two cases and the liability limitation agreements (LLAs), it could be evaluated that the auditors are somewhat responsible for the organisational misstatements. However, after the intensification of liability limitation agreements (LLAs) in 2008, the auditors are excluded in relation to any type of negligence or misjudgement detected in the audit report. As commented by Duncan and Whittington (2014), after the initiation of LLAs, the investors utilise the report of the auditors as references for completing the financial analysis before making any investment decision. Description of a different situation if EFL had contacted King Queen in making decision: The modification in the provided scenario signifies upon the confidential rules, which have been laid out in the rulebook of GAAP. King Queen is required to maintain the confidentiality of the financial statements of Impulse Pty Limited from EFL, since the latter is a third party investor. Along with this, the EFL approach mainly depicts that the audit firm is responsible for evaluating the financial position of Impulse Pty Limited to ascertain its current feasibility. As stated by Hodge (2014), the investors mainly select the auditor services for evaluating the financial position of the organisation to depict its future scope and return, which could be provided by investment. Since EFL has approached King Queen to dissect the financial position of Impulse Pty Limited, the audit firm would be responsible for any loss incurred. The request for collecting information and depicting the financial reports in accordance with the GAAP rules is sufficient. Hence, by conducting the same, King Queen would not be violating the confidentiality law. This is because it has been only representing the things inherent in the financial report without disclosing any internal information. Under such a condition, the audit firm of King Queen would be responsible for covering the losses incurred on the part of EFL from the investment conducted from their database. As mentioned by Knechel (2016), Goldman Sachs has been liable to pay money to its investors, as presenting the financial reports and evaluation have been conducted, which lead to huge losses. Hence, it could be stated that King Queen is liable to EFL, if the audit firm has been appointed before the conduction of investment. Definitions and importance of actual and perceived independence: The external and internal auditors are provided with independence relating to both actual and perceived auditing, which signify the financial importance of an organisation (McDonald 2014). The auditors independence mainly denotes the absence of external impact on the auditors at the time of preparation of the financial reports. In this context, Pitt (2014) advocated that the non-affected auditors depict the actual financial position of the organisation in the report of the auditors, which could be used for investment decision-making. The below-mentioned auditing independences are given to the auditors during their audit process: Actual independence: The actual independence depicts the situation, in which the auditors are not prevented to make overall evaluation of the financial position of the company. This kind of independence is needed for every auditor, which enable the investors to make sufficient financial decisions by dissecting the entire risk associated with investments. As argued by Riedl and Dunn (2013), the lucrative benefits often distract the auditors to adopt unscrupulous measures by not complying with the actual auditing independence. Furthermore, the actual auditor independence primarily depends on the attitude towards the entire condition and the keenness to depict accurate and feasible reports to the pertinent users. In this regard, Shah and Jarzabkowski (2013) remarked that the stringent regulations and rules have restricted the auditors depending on actual independence during the process of auditing. In opposition to such scenario, the auditors might be punished, which would have a negative impact on their professional careers. Listing of regulatory requirements and professional standards for the different provided situations: According to the provided situation, Bob is required to carry out the assignment provided on the part of its university, which requires a thorough evaluation of the financial condition of Club Casino. However, while performing the evaluation of the financial information, Bob has used the internal information of the organisation in its report, which is mandatory to comply with the assignment brief. Such utilisation of internal information signifies a breach in the auditing procedures, which violates the prevailing audit rules and regulations. According to the regulations, the publishing of the audit report in the absence of any prior notice to the organisation might attract lawsuit, which would negatively affect the brand image and smudge feasibility of the audit reports. As mentioned by Shah and Nair (2013), stringent audit regulations are initiated to proscribe the rivals from taking benefits of the organisational secrets, which would impede its market position. According to the provided information, Wendy has been involved in acting as the secretary of the organisation, since Ace Limited has no secretary at the present state. It has been observed that the person is sitting in the secretarial position of the organisation for the last six months. This has clearly desecrated the GAAP rules and regulations pertaining to the audit procedures. According to the GAAP guidelines, the organisation is liable to comply with the prevailing rules of GAAP, which denotes that the company needs to have an independent secretary to manage the internal company affairs. However, after the breach of such auditing rules, it is necessary for Wendy to resign from the secretarial position. The vacant position needs to be filled by recruiting a qualified personnel to handle the business affairs. As stated by Wisniewski (2013), the GAAP regulations and rules are there to prevent any unethical practices, which might hinder the business performance of the organisation. The provided scenario depicts that Leo has been recruited at the time of vacation for the position of temporary auditor in the context of Precision Machinery Limited. The appointment is arranged, since Leo is the eldest son of a factory worker and the person is engaged in the system of internal audit. Therefore, this appointment decision has breached the auditing regulations, as per the GAAP guidelines. The overall rules applied to the audit members denote that no family member or staff acquaintances could be appointed as the internal auditor. Therefore, the appointment of Leo as the internal auditor has violated the GAAP guidelines. As commented by Ahmed Haji et al. (2016), the investors often consider the audit report and the associated auditors involved in preparing such report. Therefore, any one out of Leo and his father needs to resign from their position to comply with the internal audit procedure of GAAP. According to the provided case, Classic Reproduction Pty Limited has not able to settle the entire audit amount to Chan Associates. The audit fees are due for the last three years. In order to settle off the dues, Classic Reproduction Pty Limited has sold furniture, which is 50% of the furniture and 25% of the business stake. Therefore, this arrangement has violated the principle of auditing relating to any type of bribe from the client. Along with this, the entire change acceptance could not be conducted, since the organisation is yet to be incorporated. Thus, the auditing organisation is required to return the entire share and furniture, which is given on the part of Classic Reproduction Pty Limited for service exchange. In addition, for their payments, the audit firm could pull out its consent form the financial reports of Classic Reproduction Pty Limited, which might represent the poor financial condition of the organisation. References: Ahmed Haji, A., Ahmed Haji, A., Anifowose, M. and Anifowose, M., 2016. Audit committee and integrated reporting practice: does internal assurance matter?.Managerial Auditing Journal,31(8/9), pp.915-948. Bagshaw, K., 2013.Audit and Assurance Essentials: For Professional Accountancy Exams. John Wiley Sons. Bedard, J.C., Cannon, N. and Schnader, A.L., 2014. The Changing Face of Auditor Reporting in the Broker-Dealer Industry.Current Issues in Auditing,8(1), pp.A1-A11. Chambers, A.D. and Odar, M., 2015. A new vision for internal audit.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(1), pp.34-55. Christensen, B.E., Glover, S.M. and Wood, D.A., 2012. Extreme estimation uncertainty in fair value estimates: Implications for audit assurance.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), pp.127-146. Cohen, J.R. and Simnett, R., 2014. CSR and assurance services: A research agenda.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.59-74. Decaux, L. and Sarens, G., 2015. Implementing combined assurance: insights from multiple case studies.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(1), pp.56-79. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: does this equal security?. InProceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks(p. 77). ACM. Hodge, S., 2014. The Use and Effectiveness of the Internal Audit Function on an External Audit.Available at SSRN 2430851. Knechel, W.R., 2016. Audit quality and regulation.International Journal of Auditing,20(3), pp.215-223. McDonald, P., 2014. The pursuit of business acumen: audit leaders can help their staff adopt a more business-minded focus and successfully transition from traditional assurance work to advisory and consultative services.Internal Auditor,71(6), pp.36-41. Pitt, S.A., 2014.Internal Audit Quality: Developing a Quality Assurance and Improvement Program. John Wiley Sons. Riedl, D.H. and Dunn, M.K., 2013. Quality assurance mechanisms for the unregulated research environment.Trends in biotechnology,31(10), pp.552-554. Shah, M. and Jarzabkowski, L., 2013. The Australian higher education quality assurance framework: From improvement-led to compliance-driven.Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education,17(3), pp.96-106. Shah, M. and Nair, C.S. eds., 2013.External Quality Audit: Has it Improved Quality Assurance in Universities?. Elsevier. Wisniewski, S., 2013. From compliance to the bottom line: internal audit has much to gain from investing in technologies for assurance mapping, expanding audit coverage, and data analytics.Internal Auditor,70(5), pp.21-23.

Wednesday, April 8, 2020

Essay Examples on Democracy in America Essay Example

Essay Examples on Democracy in America Paper 1st Essay Sample on Democracy in America Alexis de Tocqueville’s visit to the United States in the early part of the nineteenth century prompted his work Democracy in America, in which he expressed the ability to make democracy work. Throughout his travels Tocqueville noted that private interest and personal gain motivated the actions of most Americans, which in turn cultivated a strong sense of individualism. Tocqueville believed that this individualism would soon â€Å"sap the virtue of public life† (395) and create a despotism of selfishness. This growth of despotism would be created by citizens becoming too individualistic, and therefore not bothering to fulfill their civic duties or exercise their freedom. Tocqueville feared that the political order of America would soon become aimed at the satisfaction of individual needs, rather than the greater good of society. Alexis de Tocqueville viewed participation in public affairs, the growth of associations and newspapers, the principle of self-interest properly understood, and religion as the only means by which American democracy could combat the effects of individualism. Given that despots have every interest in keeping people isolated, the individualism resulting from equality makes despotism a great danger to equality. â€Å"Despotism†¦ sees in the separation among men the surest guarantee of its continuance, and it usually makes every effort to keep them separate† (399). Exercising freedom through participation in public affairs is therefore extremely vital because it gives people a personal interest in thinking about others in society. Local self-governments are important because they draw people together, and it is therefore more likely that they will exercise their liberty. 2nd Essay Sample on Democracy in America We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Democracy in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Democracy in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Democracy in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Democracy was a growing idea in the 13 English colonies prior to 1750. Democracy is the government by the people which is exercised either directly or through representatives elected by the people. The idea of self government was still a rising idea amongst the colonies. In America, democracy was carried out to a certain extent prior to 1750. The idea of self government was carried out to different extents by the Southern Colonies, the New England colonies, and the Middle colonies. Atfirst, the southern colonies did not have much of a democracy. These aristocratic colonies prominently followed the governing of the crown. Also, there was no separation of church and state prior to 1750. The dominate Anglican Church controlled the religious and social practices of the southerners and lived by the kings rules. Prior to 1750 the low level of democracy led to a more rigid social class structure. The aristocrats, white men who owned land, were the only people allowed to vote in order to set the laws and standards of the colonies. The furthest extent of democracy prior to 1750 in the south was the House of Burgesses. This legislative branch acted as thefirst representative government in the new world and somewhat guided the colony in their direction with respect to the king of England. New England was a little more moderate towards democracy than the Southern colonies. Thefirst site of a democratic move was shown when the pilgrims established the Mayflower Compact as an agreement to form a government that will submit to the will of the majority. This impacted history because it established a precedent for later state constitutions and self-government.Later on, self-government in New England consisted of a two-house legislative branch and a governor elected by the people and not the King. Also, men who owned land were able to participate in town meetings and discuss the issues brought up by the colony. Essay Examples on Democracy in America Essay Example Essay Examples on Democracy in America Paper 1st Essay Sample on Democracy in America Alexis de Tocqueville’s visit to the United States in the early part of the nineteenth century prompted his work Democracy in America, in which he expressed the ability to make democracy work. Throughout his travels Tocqueville noted that private interest and personal gain motivated the actions of most Americans, which in turn cultivated a strong sense of individualism. Tocqueville believed that this individualism would soon â€Å"sap the virtue of public life† (395) and create a despotism of selfishness. This growth of despotism would be created by citizens becoming too individualistic, and therefore not bothering to fulfill their civic duties or exercise their freedom. Tocqueville feared that the political order of America would soon become aimed at the satisfaction of individual needs, rather than the greater good of society. Alexis de Tocqueville viewed participation in public affairs, the growth of associations and newspapers, the principle of self-interest properly understood, and religion as the only means by which American democracy could combat the effects of individualism. Given that despots have every interest in keeping people isolated, the individualism resulting from equality makes despotism a great danger to equality. â€Å"Despotism†¦ sees in the separation among men the surest guarantee of its continuance, and it usually makes every effort to keep them separate† (399). Exercising freedom through participation in public affairs is therefore extremely vital because it gives people a personal interest in thinking about others in society. Local self-governments are important because they draw people together, and it is therefore more likely that they will exercise their liberty. 2nd Essay Sample on Democracy in America We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Democracy in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Democracy in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Democracy in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Democracy was a growing idea in the 13 English colonies prior to 1750. Democracy is the government by the people which is exercised either directly or through representatives elected by the people. The idea of self government was still a rising idea amongst the colonies. In America, democracy was carried out to a certain extent prior to 1750. The idea of self government was carried out to different extents by the Southern Colonies, the New England colonies, and the Middle colonies. Atfirst, the southern colonies did not have much of a democracy. These aristocratic colonies prominently followed the governing of the crown. Also, there was no separation of church and state prior to 1750. The dominate Anglican Church controlled the religious and social practices of the southerners and lived by the kings rules. Prior to 1750 the low level of democracy led to a more rigid social class structure. The aristocrats, white men who owned land, were the only people allowed to vote in order to set the laws and standards of the colonies. The furthest extent of democracy prior to 1750 in the south was the House of Burgesses. This legislative branch acted as thefirst representative government in the new world and somewhat guided the colony in their direction with respect to the king of England. New England was a little more moderate towards democracy than the Southern colonies. Thefirst site of a democratic move was shown when the pilgrims established the Mayflower Compact as an agreement to form a government that will submit to the will of the majority. This impacted history because it established a precedent for later state constitutions and self-government.Later on, self-government in New England consisted of a two-house legislative branch and a governor elected by the people and not the King. Also, men who owned land were able to participate in town meetings and discuss the issues brought up by the colony.

Monday, March 9, 2020

Using Page and Section Breaks in Microsoft Word

Using Page and Section Breaks in Microsoft Word Using Page and Section Breaks in Microsoft Word When writing a longer paper, like a thesis or PhD dissertation, it makes sense to break the document down into a series of distinct chapters, each starting on a new page. You could, of course, achieve this by simply hitting â€Å"Enter† a bunch of times until a new page appears. But this can make your document look untidy, since any changes you make before the break will cause subsequent text to go out of alignment. A far better option is to use Microsoft Word’s inbuilt page and section breaks. Page Breaks As the name suggests, a â€Å"page break† in Microsoft Word is a break between pages in your document (sometimes life really is that simple). This â€Å"hard break† allows you to edit separate sections of your work without worrying about text shifting around elsewhere. To add a page break in your document, simply: Position the cursor where you want the page break to appear Under the â€Å"Insert† tab, click on the â€Å"Page Break† button Alternatively, you can add a page break by going to the â€Å"Page Layout† tab, clicking on â€Å"Breaks† and selecting â€Å"Page† from the dropdown menu. Voila! Section Breaks Adding a â€Å"section break† to a document allows you to apply different formatting options in different places. This can be useful if you want to use specific headers for different chapters in your dissertation, or different page numbering styles for distinct parts of a document. To add a section break between pages, all you need to do is: Select where you want the section break to appear with the cursor Go to the â€Å"Page Layout† tab and click on â€Å"Breaks† Under â€Å"Section Breaks† in the dropdown menu, select â€Å"Next Page† You can also add a section break in the middle of a page by selecting â€Å"Continuous† from the dropdown menu. This is handy if you want to apply varied formatting to different parts of a single page, such as splitting one half into two columns of text, but generally isn’t required in an academic paper. Once you’ve added section breaks to your document, you can then apply specific formatting options (e.g., page layout, headers, footers, etc.) to particular sections as required. Editing Page and Section Breaks Since you can’t usually see a page or section break (other than by the gap in the document), editing or removing them can be tricky. However, you can make page breaks visible by clicking the â€Å"Show Paragraph Marks† button on the â€Å"Home† tab in Microsoft Word. This will make page and section breaks show up in your document as follows. You can then select, move, delete or edit around these breaks without having to guess where they are!

Friday, February 21, 2020

Reading response LN 4 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response LN 4 - Article Example At this point, it is worth questioning this view, as visual humor also has a huge place in the context of humor. Still, more needs to be done to evaluate the place of visual humor in the humor in general. What percentage does visual humor take and is the same comparable to the verbal humor? Upon completing this research, it will be possible to understand and explain the gap between visual humor and verbal humor. On another note, I find it captivating when the authors indicate that verbal humor migrates to the visual aspect (Hempelmann & Samson, 2008). It is at this position that one would really question which humor takes the greatest percentage. Yet another question would focus on the extent of correlation between visual humor and verbal humor. Can the two do without each other, and if not, in what domains? I also tend to agree with the authors when they indicate that conversation is possible through cartoons (Hempelmann & Samson, 2008). In my opinion, I am convinced that one can read humor from cartoons even without seeing the writing explaining what the cartons means. In this context, it is worth justifying that each of the humors plays a pivotal role in their own way. I am also convinced that either of the humors can replace the other in terms of relaying messages to its readers. The only disparity will be the profundity and intensity of the message relayed. For instance, if the cartoon is accompanied by text, then it brings out a stronger message as opposed to verbal humor. Pictures can be indicated to be more appealing as opposed to the verbal messages that leave its audience with the task of interpreting the intended message. From the arguments, it is only reasonable to attest to the verity that visual humor plays a major role in evoking humor over the verbal one. I agree with the authors when they indicate that versions of visual humor that

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Enviromantal engneering project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enviromantal engneering project - Essay Example rmore, instead of excavating and transferring the contaminated soil to another site, this process proved successful as it was done on site- saving time and energy. Bioremediation- According to Prof. Shaily Mohindra of UCLA, conventional technologies for cleaning ground water are not always effective. Moreover, these methods usually move pollutants from one point to another. For that reason, Mohindra endorses Bioremediation using Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans bacteria for the mitigation of next generation pollutants e.g. Perfluorinated compounds, nano materials, and dioxane. The progress of remediation will be monitored usin stable isotopes. Pump and treat- The application of pump and treat technology in Hanford has been successful in soil and ground water remediation. By 2011, 24.7 billion gallons of ground water had been treated, although the whole process of remediation will be completed in the next 25 years. At the end of the remediation process Contaminants such as plutonium and i ts derivatives e.g. Carbon tetrachloride will be successfully removed from the soil and ground water. In situ thermal remediation- pump and treat technology had been used for more than 17years to clean up chlorinated solvents from the subsoil in Stuttgart with minimal success rates. However, in January 2013 an in-situ thermal remediation pilot test offered a suitable alternative for remediation even under prevailing difficult geological conditions in Stuttgart. Monitored natural attenuation- The Company was justified as it relied on natural processes to clean up the site. An environmental disaster similar to the silent spring has also been observed in Oregon (Lower Columbia). Since 1985, conservation centered on removing the nearly extinct bald eagle from the federal extinction list resulted in significant overall increase in bald eagle numbers. Yet, in lower Columbia most of the eagle nests in the lower Columbia failed to hatch eaglets; and have been producing half the number of

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Engine Cooling And Lubrication System

Engine Cooling And Lubrication System Cooling System: Despite the vast improvement in the basic internal combustion engines, around 70% of the energy from the gasoline is converted to heat. As it is not dissipated to the atmosphere on its own, a cooling system is employed for this purpose. Several purposes of the cooling system which it serves by cooling the engine include cooling the engine to keep it from overheating by transferring the heat to the air. This helps avoid the excessive wear and tear at high temperatures, auto-ignition due to hot cylinder which may result in knocking and hence, piston/cylinder failure. It may also incorporate thermal stresses which is not good for the engine itself. Figure . Cooling system and plumbing connection While it serves the purpose of cooling the engine, it also helps the engine to warm up quickly during cold start ups and then maintaining a constant temperature. When the engine is cold, components wear out faster too and the engine is less efficient, emitting more pollution. Types of Cooling System: There are two types of cooling systems found in cars: Air-cooled Liquid-Cooled Air-Cooled Engines: Many small and the medium-sized engines are air-cooled. This category includes most small engines like lawn mowers, chain saws, model airplanes etc. Using the air-cooled system allows both the weight and price of the engine to be kept low, along with reduced complexity of the machine. The air-cooled system is still widely used on most of the motorcycles in use these days. This system utilizes the concept of heat transfer through fins to cool the engine. The cross-sectional area of the fin being larger closer to the head and a reduction in the area as we move further from the engine block. The basic principle on which the air-cooled engines rely on is the flow of air across their external surfaces to remove the excess heat to keep the engine from overheating. The airflow on machines like motorcycles and aircrafts is provided across the surface when the vehicle moves forward. Deflectors and ductwork is incorporated to direct the airflow to the critical locations where more cooling is required. The outer surface of the engine is made from a good conductor of heat and the surface is finned to promote maximum heat transfer, along with which an extra fan is used to increase the air-flow rate; whereas others use the concept of free-convection. These fins are to be properly designed for appropriate cooling effect which is required. Some automobile engines also use exposed flywheels with air-deflectors fastened to the surface. When the engine is in operation, these deflectors create air motion which increases the heat transfer on the finned surface. Even after considering and applying all the measures, the uniform cooling of cylinders is still difficult to achieve on air-cooled engines as compared to the liquid-cooled engines. The figure below shows that the cooling needs are not the same at all the locations. Figure . Variation of heat losses from the fins of an air-cooled aircraft engine. Seventy-one percent of the heat losses occur on the hotter side of the cylinder, containing the exhaust valve. The engine shown was used on a number of different aircrafts. Hotter areas, such as the ones around the exhaust valve and manifold need greater cooling and hence larger finned surface area. Cooling the front of an air-cooled engine which faces the forward motion of the vehicle is much easier and efficient as compared to the back surface of the engine. This may result in temperature differences and thermal expansion problems. Disadvantages: Disadvantages of air-cooled engines are that they: Are less efficient, Are noisier, with greater air flow requirements and no water jacket to dampen the noise, Need a directed air flow and finned surfaces. Advantages: When compared with liquid-cooled engines, air-cooled engines have the following advantages: They are lighter in weight, They cost less, No coolant system failures (e.g., water pump, hoses), No engine freeze-ups, and Faster engine warmup. Liquid-Cooled Engines: In a liquid or water-cooled engine, the engine block is surrounded by a water jacket through which the coolant flows. This allows for a better control of the heat removal from the engine, just by added weight and a more complex system. Very few water-cooled engines use just water as the cooling fluid in the water jackets; this is because the water has a freezing temperature of 0Â °C which is unacceptable as coolant in colder regions, so additives are usually used for better performance. Although water has very good heat transfer properties, but when used alone, it causes rust and corrosion in many of the pipes of the cooling system. Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is the antifreeze agent which acts as a rust inhibitor and a lubricant for the water pump. When added to water, it lowers the freezing temperature and raises the boiling temperature of the coolant. The properties of the mixture depend on the ratio in which water and the antifreeze agent are mixed. Pure ethylene glycol should not be used, and even at high concentrations the heat transfer properties of the water are lost as well. The properties of the ethylene glycol water mixture are shown in the table below. In addition to good thermal properties, a coolant should satisfy the following requirements: 1. Chemically stable under conditions of use 2. Non-foaming 3. Non-corrosive 4. Low toxicity 5. Non-flammable 6. Low cost Most commercial antifreezes satisfy these requirements. Many of them are basically ethylene glycol with small amounts of additives. Some commercial engine coolants use propylene glycol as the base ingredient. It is argued that when coolant systems leak or when the coolant becomes aged and is discarded, these products are less harmful to the environment than ethylene glycol. Basic Components: The basic components of a liquid-cooled system is shown below. Figure . Basic liquid-cooled system radiator radiator top hose radiator bottom hose water pump thermostat thermostat housing electric cooling fan thermo-time switch Radiator: The radiator is the part of the cooling system which is responsible for the heat rejection from the coolant and into the atmosphere. The radiator core is usually made up of flattened tubes with aluminum strips (fins) that zigzag between the tubes. These fins effectively transfer the heat contained in the coolant into the air stream to be lost into the atmosphere. On each end of the radiator is a tank made up of plastic to cover the ends. The tubes either run horizontally or vertically between the two tanks. The aluminum-plastic system is more efficient and cost effective. On radiators with plastic end caps, there are gaskets between the aluminum core and the plastic tanks to seal the system and keep the fluid from leaking out. The tanks have a large hose connection, one mounted towards the top of the radiator to let the coolant in, the other mounted at the bottom of the radiator on the other tank to let the coolant back out. On the top of the radiator is an additional opening that is capped off by the radiator cap. Another component in the radiator for vehicles with an automatic transmission is a separate tank mounted inside one of the tanks. Fittings connect this inner tank through steel tubes to the automatic transmission. Transmission fluid is piped through this tank inside a tank to be cooled by the coolant flowing past it before returning to the transmission. Radiator Fans: One or two electric fans are mounted on the back of the radiator close to the engine. These fans used the concept of forced convection to cool the heated coolant going through the pipes in the radiator core. If noticed, this fan starts working once the engine reaches a predefined temperature, after which the cooling by just natural convection during the forward motion of the car cannot be achieved. In the cars with air conditioning, there is an additional radiator mounted in front of the normal radiator. This radiator is called the air conditioner condenser, which also needs to be cooled by the air flow entering the engine compartment. As long as the air conditioning is turned on, the system will keep the fan running, even if the engine is not running hot. This is because if there is no air flow through the air conditioning condenser, the air conditioner will not be able to cool the air entering the interior. Pressure cap reserve tank: The pressure cap is simply a cap which maintains the pressure in the cooling system up to a certain point. If the pressure builds up higher than the set pressure point, the spring loaded valve releases the pressure. Figure . Pressure cap When the pressure in the cooling system reaches the point when the cap needs to release this excess pressure, some amount of coolant is bled off. The coolant which is bled off goes into the reserve tank which is not pressurized, which causes a partial vacuum in the cooling system. The radiator cap on these closed systems has a secondary valve which allows the vacuum in the cooling system to draw the coolant back from the reserve tank into the radiator. Coolant Pump: It is a simple pump which helps in circulation of the coolant around the system. This pump is run using one of the following: A fan belt that will also be responsible for driving an additional component like an alternator or power steering pump A serpentine belt, which also drives the alternator, power steering pump and AC compressor among other things. The timing belt that is also responsible for driving one or more camshafts. The impeller of the pump uses centrifugal force to draw the coolant in from the lower radiator hose and send it under pressure to the engine block. A gasket seals the water pump to the engine block and prevents the flowing coolant from leaking out where the pump is attached to the block. Thermostat: The thermostat is simply a valve that measures the temperature of the coolant, and if the coolant is hot enough it opens to allow the coolant to flow through the radiator otherwise the flow to the radiator is blocked and the fluid is directed to a bypass system that returns the coolant to the engine. Figure . Thermostat The engine is at times allowed to run at higher temperatures of 190-195Â °C; this reduces emissions, moisture condensation inside the engine is quickly burned off improving engine life, and a more complete combustion improving fuel economy. Oil as a Coolant: The oil when used to lubricate the engine also helps to cool the engine. The piston for example gets very little cooling from the coolant in the water jacket or the externally finned surface, so when the back surface of the piston crown is subjected to the oil splash or flow the piston is cooled to some extent. This is very necessary as the piston is one of the hottest elements in the engine. Usually, the oil is sprayed in pressurized systems, and splashed in non-pressurized systems. The oil acts as the coolant on the back face of the piston crown as it absorbs energy and then runs back into the larger reservoir where it mixes with the cooler oil and dissipates this energy into the other engine parts. This splash cooling of the piston is extremely important in small air-cooled engines as well as in automobile engines. A few other engine components other than the piston are also cooled by oil circulation, either by splash or by the pressurized flow from the oil pump. Oil passages through internal components like the camshaft and connecting rods offer the only major cooling these parts are subjected to. As the oil cools the various components, it absorbs energy and its temperature rises. This energy is then dissipated to the rest of the engine by circulation and eventually gets absorbed in the engine coolant flow. Some high-performance engines have an oil cooler in their lubricant circulation system. The energy absorbed by the oil as it cools the engine components is dissipated in the oil cooler, which is a heat exchanger cooled by either engine coolant flow or external air flow. Oil Pump: The gear-type oil pump has a pair of meshing gears. The spaces between the teeth are filled with oil when the gears unmesh. The oil pump obtains oil from the oil pan and sends oil through the oil filter to the oil galleries and main bearings. Some oil passes from the holes in the crankshaft to the rod bearings. Main bearings and rod bearings are lubricated adequately to achieve their desired objectives. In the rotor type oil pump, the inner rotor is driven and drives the outer rotor. As the rotor revolves, the gaps between the lobes are filled with oil. When the lobes of the inner rotor move into the gaps in the outer rotor, oil is forced out through the outlet of pump. An oil pump can also be driven by a camshaft gear that drives the ignition distributor or by the crankshaft. Oil Pan: Oil also flows to the cylinder head through drilled passages that make up the oil gallery, lubricates camshaft bearings and valves, and then returns to oil pan. Some engines have grooves or holes in connecting rods, which provide extra lubrication to pistons and walls of cylinders. Oil Cooler: Oil cooler prevents overheating of oil, by flow of engine coolant past tubes carrying hot oil. The coolant picks excess heat and carries it to the radiator. Oil Filter: The oil from oil pump flows through oil filter before reaching the engine bearings. The oil filter retains the dirt particles and allows only clean filtered oil to pass. The Lubrication system and its types: There are three basic types of oil distribution systems used in engines: Splash, Pressurized, or A combination of these. The crankcase is used as the oil sump (reservoir) in a splash system, and the crankshaft rotating at high speed in the oil distributes it to the various moving parts by splash; no oil pump is used. All components, including the valve train and camshaft, must be open to the crankcase. Oil is splashed into the cylinders behind the pistons and onto the back of the piston crowns, acting both as a lubricant and a coolant. Many small four-stroke cycle engines (lawn mowers, golf carts, etc.) use splash distribution of oil. An engine with a pressurized oil distribution system uses an oil pump to supply lubrication to the moving parts through passages built into the components. A typical automobile engine has oil passages built into the connecting rods, valve stems, push rods, rocker arms, valve seats, engine block, and many other moving components. These make up a circulation network through which oil is distributed by the oil pump. In addition, oil is sprayed under pressure onto the cylinder walls and onto the back of the piston crowns. Most automobiles actually use dual distribution systems, relying on splash within the crankcase in addition to the pressurized flow from the oil pump. Most large stationary engines also use this kind of dual system. Most aircraft engines and a few automobile engines use a total pressurized system with the oil reservoir located separate from the crankcase. These are often called dry sump systems (i.e., the crankcase sump is dry of excess oil). Aircraft do not always fly level, and uncontrolled oil in the crankcase may not supply proper lubrication or oil pump input when the plane banks or turns. A diaphragm controls the oil level in the reservoir of a dry sump system, assuring a continuous flow into the oil pump and throughout the engine. Figure . Lubrication of an engine consisting of a combination of a pressurized system and splash system Oil pumps can be electric or mechanically driven off the engine. Pressure at the pump exit is typically about 300 to 400 kPa. If an oil pump is driven directly off the engine, some means should be built into the system to keep the exit pressure and flow rate from becoming excessive at high engine speeds. A time of excess wear is at engine startup before the oil pump can distribute proper lubrication. It takes a few engine cycles before the flow of oil is fully established, and during this time, many parts are not properly lubricated. Adding to the problem is the fact that often the oil is cold at engine startup. Cold oil has much higher viscosity, which further delays proper circulation. A few engines have oil preheaters which electrically heat the oil before startup. Some engines have pre-oilers that heat and circulate the oil before engine startup. An electric pump lubricates all components by distributing oil throughout the engine. It is recommended that turbocharged engines be allowed to idle for a few seconds before they are turned off. This is because of the very high speeds at which the turbocharger operates. When the engine is turned off, oil circulation stops and lubricated surfaces begin to lose oil. Stopping the oil supply to a turbocharger operating at high speed invites poor lubrication and high wear. To minimize this problem, the engine and turbocharger should be allowed to return to low speed (idle) before the lubrication supply is stopped. Lubrication system in 2-stroke engines: Many small engines and some experimental two-stroke cycle automobile engines use the crankcase as a compressor for the inlet air. Automobile engines which do this generally have the crankcase divided into several compartments, with each cylinder having its own separate compressor. These engines cannot use the crankcase as an oil sump, and an alternate method must be used to lubricate the crankshaft and other components in the crankcase. In these engines, oil is carried into the engine with the inlet air in much the same way as the fuel. When the fuel is added to the inlet air, usually with a carburetor, oil particles as well as fuel particles are distributed into the flow. The air flow then enters the crankcase, where it is compressed. Oil particles carried with the air lubricate the surfaces they come in contact with, first in the crankcase and then in the intake runner and cylinder. In some systems (model airplane engines, marine outboard motors, etc.), the oil is premixed with the fuel in the fuel tank. In other engines (automobiles, some golf carts, etc.), there is a separate oil reservoir that feeds a metered flow of oil into the fuel supply line or directly into the inlet air flow. Fuel-to-oil ratio ranges from 30:1 to 400:1, depending on the engine. Some modern high-performance engines have controls which regulate the fuel-oil ratio, depending on engine speed and load. Under conditions of high oil input, oil sometimes condenses in the crankcase. Up to 30% of the oil is recirculated from the crankcase in some automobile engines. It is desirable to get at least 3000 miles per liter of oil used. Most small lower cost engines have a single average oil input setting. If too much oil is supplied, deposits form on the combustion chamber walls and valves will stick (if there are valves). If too little oil is supplied, excess wear will occur and the piston can freez e in the cylinder. Engines that add oil to the inlet fuel obviously are designed to use up oil during operation. This oil also contributes to HC emissions in the exhaust due to valve overlap and poor combustion of the oil vapor in the cylinders. New oils that also burn better as fuel are being developed for two-stroke cycle engines. Some two-stroke cycle automobile engines and other medium- and large-size engines use an external supercharger to compress inlet air. These engines use pressurized/ splash lubrication systems similar to those on four-stroke cycle engines with the crankcase also serving as the oil sump. Lubricating Oil: The oil used in an engine must serve as a lubricant, a coolant, and a vehicle for removing impurities. It must be able to withstand high temperatures without breaking down and must have a long working life. The development trend in engines is toward higher operating temperatures, higher speeds, closer tolerances, and smaller oil sump capacity. All of these require improved oils compared to those used just a few years ago. Certainly, the technology of the oil industry has to continue to improve along with the technology growth of engines and fuel. Early engines and other mechanical systems were often designed to use up the lubricating oil as it was used, requiring a continuous input of fresh oil. The used oil was either burned up in the combustion chamber or allowed to fall to the ground. Just a couple of decades back, the tolerances between pistons and cylinder walls was such that engines burned some oil that seeped past the pistons from the crankcase. This required a periodic need t o add oil and a frequent oil change due to blowby contamination of the remaining oil. HC levels in the exhaust were high because of the oil in the combustion chamber. Modern engines run hotter, have closer tolerances which keep oil consumption down, and have smaller oil sumps due to space limitations. They generate more power with smaller engines by running faster and with higher compression ratios. This means higher forces and a greater need for good lubrication. At the same time, many manufacturers now suggest changing the oil every 6000 miles. Not only must the oil last longer under much more severe conditions, but new oil is not added between oil changes. Engines of the past that consumed some oil required periodic makeup oil to be added. This makeup oil mixed with the remaining used oil and improved the overall lubrication properties within the engine. The oils in modern engines must operate over an extreme temperature range. They must lubricate properly from the starting temperature of a cold engine to beyond the extreme steady-state temperatures that occur within the engine cylinders. They must not oxidize on the combustion chamber walls or at other hot spots such as the center crown of the piston or at the top piston ring. Oil should adhere to surfaces so that they always lubricate and provide a protective covering against corrosion. This is often called oiliness. Oil should have high film strength to assure no metal-to-metal contact even under extreme loads. Oils should be non-toxic and non-explosive. Some desired qualities of Lubrication oil: Lubricating oil must satisfy the following needs: Lubrication. It must reduce friction and wear within the engine. It improves efficiency by reducing the friction forces between moving parts. Coolant Removal of contaminants Enhancement of ring seal and reduction of blowby Slow corrosion Stability over a large temperature range Long life span Low cost Hydrocarbon Components in Lubricating oil: The basic ingredients in most lubricating oils are hydrocarbon components made from crude oil. These are larger molecular weight species obtained from the distillation process. Additives: Various other components are added to create a lubricant that will allow for the maximum performance and life span of the engine. These additives include: Antifoam agents: These reduce the foaming that would result when the crankshaft and other components rotate at high speed in the crankcase oil sump. Oxidation inhibitors: Oxygen is trapped in the oil when foaming occurs, and this leads to possible oxidation of engine components. One such additive is zinc dithiophosphate Pour-point depressant Antirust agents Detergents: These are made from organic salts and metallic salts. They help keep deposits and impurities in suspension and stop reactions that form varnish and other surface deposits. They help neutralize acid formed from sulfur in the fuel. Anti-wear agents Friction reducers Viscosity index improvers Rating of Lubricating Oils and grades: Lubricating oils are generally rated using a viscosity scale established by the Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE). The higher the viscosity value, the greater is the force needed to move adjacent surfaces or to pump oil through a passage. Viscosity is highly dependent on temperature, increasing with decreasing temperature. In the temperature range of engine operation, the dynamic viscosity of the oil can change by more than an order of magnitude. Oil viscosity also changes with shear, decreasing with increasing shear. Shear rates within an engine range from very low values to extremely high values in the bearings and between piston and cylinder walls. The change of viscosity over these extremes can be several orders of magnitude. Common viscosity grades used in engines are: SAE 5 SAE 10 SAE 20 SAE 30 SAE 40 SAE 45 SAE 50 Common oils available include: SAE 5W-20 SAE 10W-40 SAE 5W-30 SAE 10W-50 SAE 5W-40 SAE 15W-40 SAE 5W-50 SAE 15W-50 SAE 10W-30 SAE 20W-50 Synthetic Oils: A number of synthetically made oils are available that give better performance than those made from crude oil. They are better at reducing friction and engine wear, have good detergency properties which keep the engine cleaner, offer less resistance for moving parts, and require less pumping power for distribution. With good thermal properties, they provide better engine cooling and less variation in viscosity. Because of this, they contribute to better cold-weather starting and can reduce fuel consumption by as much as 15%. These oils cost several times as much as those made from crude oil. However, they can be used longer in an engine, with 24,000 km (15,000 miles) being the oil change period suggested by most manufacturers. Available on the market are various oil additives and special oils that can be added in small quantities to standard oils in the engine. These claim, with some justification, to improve the viscous and wear resistance properties of normal oils. One major improvement that some of them provide is that they stick to metal surfaces and do not drain off when the engine is stopped, as most standard oils do. The surfaces are thus lubricated immediately when the engine is next started. With standard oils it takes several engine rotations before proper lubrication occurs, a major source of wear. Oil filters: Included in most pressurized oil systems is a filtration system to remove impurities from the engine oil. One of the duties of engine oil is to clean the engine by carrying contaminant impurities in suspension as it circulates. As the oil passes through filters that are part of the flow passage system these impurities are removed, cleaning the oil and allowing it to be used for a greater length of time. Contaminants get into an engine in the incoming air or fuel or can be generated within the combustion chamber when other than ideal stoichiometric combustion occurs. Dust and other impurities are carried by the incoming air. Some, but not all, of these are removed by an air filter. Fuels have trace amounts of impurities like sulfur, which create contaminants during the combustion process. Even pure fuel components form some contaminants, like solid carbon in some engines under some conditions. Many engine impurities are carried away with the engine exhaust, but some get into the interior of the engine, mainly in the blowby process. During blowby, fuel, air, and combustion products are forced past the pistons into the crankcase, where they mix with the engine oil. Some of the water vapor in the exhaust products condenses in the crankcase, and the resulting liquid water adds to the contaminants. The gases of blowby pass through the crankcase and are routed back into the air intake. Ideally, most of the contaminants are trapped in the oil, which then contains dust, carbon, fuel particles, sulfur, water droplets, and many other impurities. If these were not filtered out of the oil, they would be spread throughout the engine by the oil distribution system. Also, the oil would quickly become dirty and lose its lubricating properties, resulting in greater engine wear. Figure . Oil Filter Flow passages in a filter are not all the same size but usually exist in a normal bell-shaped size distribution. This means that most larger particles will be filtered out as the oil passes through the filter, but a few as large as the largest passages will get through. The choice of filter pore size is a compromise. Better filtration will be obtained with smaller filter pores, but this requires a much greater flow pressure to push the oil through the filter. This also results in the filter becoming clogged quicker and requiring earlier filter cartridge change. Some filter materials and/or material of too small a pore size can even remove some additives from the oil. Filters are made from cotton, paper, cellulose, and a number of different synthetic materials. Filters are usually located just downstream from the oil pump exit. As a filter is used, it slowly becomes saturated with trapped impurities. As these impurities fill the filter pores, a greater pressure differential is needed to keep the same flow rate. When this needed pressure differential gets too high, the oil pump limit is reached and oil flow through the engine is slowed. The filter cartridge should be replaced before this happens. Figure . Exploded view of an Oil Filter Figure . Pore size distribution for common filters Sometimes, when the pressure differential across a filter gets high enough, the cartridge structure will collapse and a hole will develop through the cartridge wall. Most of the oil pumped through the filter will then follow the path of least resistance and flow through the hole. This short circuit will reduce the pressure drop across the filter, but the oil does not get filtered. There are several ways in which the oil circulation system can be filtered: 1. Full-flow oil filtration. All oil flows through the filter. The filter pore size must be fairly large to avoid extreme pressures in the resulting large flow rate. This results in some larger impurities in the oil. 2. Bypass oil filtration. Only part of the oil leaving the pump flows through the filter, the rest bypassing it without being filtered. This system allows the use of a much finer filter, but only a percentage of the oil gets filtered during each circulation loop. 3. Combination. Some systems use a combination of full-flow and bypass. All the oil first flows through a filter with large pores and then some of it flows through a second filter with small pores. 4. Shunt filtration. This is a system using a full-flow filter and a bypass valve. All oil at first flows through the filter. As the filter cartridge dirties with age, the pressure differential across it needed to keep the oil flowing increases. When this pressure differential gets above a predetermined value, the bypass valve opens and the oil flows around the filter. The filter cartridge must then be replaced before filtering will again occur. Solid lubricants, such as powd