A Short Note On A Vulnerable Population For Research Studies

Running head: Neonates: A Vulnerable Population for Research Neonates: A Vulnerable Population for Research Elizabeth Smith Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Professor Paula Wellde Abstract Neonates are a vulnerable population for research studies. They are unable to give their own voluntary, informed consent. There are special considerations to obtaining informed consent of neonates with strict guidelines from Health and Human Services, splitting studies into 4 levels and which includes parental permission. The ethical issues surrounding research studies can be navigated using the principles of respect, beneficence, and justice. Nurses involved in research studies with these vulnerable populations have certain implications to them. Neonates: A Vulnerable Population for Research There are many populations that are vulnerable in a research study including: pregnant women, fetuses, neonates, children, elderly, prisoners, veterans, racial minorities, mentally or physically handicapped, and educationally or economically disadvantaged. Respect, beneficence, and justice help nurses, doctors, and parents decide on the right course of action for neonates. It’s important to weigh the risk versus benefit to each study. There will be special considerations for obtaining informed consent because the subjects involved cannot give it themselves. For neonates informed consent comes from the parents and also includes strict guidelines from Health and Human Services. DiscussShow MoreRelatedEthics Protocol1635 Words   |  7 Pages(SPF) University Human Research Ethics Committee [pic]Office of Research – Ethics and Compliance Unit: GM 1000 – 514.848.2424 ex. 2425 Important Approval of a Summary Protocol Form (SPF) must be issued by the applicable Human Research Ethics Committee prior to beginning any research involving human participants. The University Human Research Ethics Committee (UHREC) reviews all Faculty and Staff research, as well as some student research (in cases where the research involves more than minimalRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1668 Words   |  7 PagesWe have witnessed enormous advances in western medicine and with it we’ve seen greater longevity among America’s elder population. The number of Americans age 65 or older are living longer, in more comfort and in better health than ever before. However, not all American elders are living in good health. 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This prompted me to spearhead fundraising efforts, concentrating on annual JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) Walks and the StarkeyRead MoreHomeless Adults : A Comprehensive Assessment Of Health Care Utiliza tion1486 Words   |  6 Pageshealth conditions more so than the general population. Although, there is evidence that suggests the homeless population uses health services more than the general population, this study is the first to comprehensively assess several factors of health care utilization amongst the homeless population. This study is also the first to examine homeless adults using administrative data under a universal health insurance system. This population based cohort study successfully paired homeless people and age-Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1197 Words   |  5 Pagesbe more of a serious problem for the adolescents and the younger population. This age is critical for this population cause of the influences, such as fitting in, peer pressure, and increase in wanting to try new things. Most importantly, the mental health professionals are concerned about the effects it has on the populations, especially the adolescents or young adults. According to Evans, â⠂¬Å"adolescents are particularly vulnerable to harm, given the effects of cannabis on neurological development

Adolescent, Pre Teen And Under Age Drinking Essay

Adolescent, Pre-Teen and Under Age Drinking Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the serious problems and concerns associated with adolescent, pre-teen and underage drinking. Central Idea: Three things that my audience will learn about adolescent, pre-teen, underage drinking are as follows: Risk Factors that may cause underage alcohol use and abuse, Prevention of underage alcohol use and abuse, and the Benefits of not participating in underage alcohol use and abuse. I. Introduction: CONFUSION†¦FORGETFULLNESS†¦ARGUMENITIVENESS†¦LOSS OF CONTROL..†¦UNCONSOLABE†¦BLACKOUTS†¦DEATH!!! These are just a few of the state of minds that can occur during adolescent, pre-teen, underage drinking. Are you prepared to deal with the grown up consequences of your grown up actions? A. Topic: Educating our youth and parents about what they may or may not know about adolescent, pre-teen underage drinking. B Credibility/Goodwill: My 12 years’ experience as a Law Enforcement Officer in St. Louis County, Missouri, as well as my experience as a juvenile officer and 8 years as a school resource officer in the Normandy School District (Specifically at Normandy Middle School). As a law enforcement officer specializing in juvenile intervention, I have on occasion witnessed first-hand the effect of pre-teen underage drinking. I have seen what happens when a 16y/o drinks, drives, and crashes their vehicles into other vehicles, poles, and in some cases other people. I have responded to call forShow MoreRelatedAdolescence As A Young Age Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological changes. These changes can appear as early as pre-teen ages and last until adulthood. During Adolescent stage, Adolescence is discovering their independence and self-identity. They face making though peer choices and decision in regards to drugs, alcohol, social life, and school work. 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When an underage drinkerRead MoreMiddle Childhood Is Very Important Time In A Child’S Life.This1161 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficult time in a child’s life, the child grows from a young teen into an adolescent, and the change emotionally is sometimes overwhelming. Children of this age start to worry about what people think about them and what they can do to please everyone, even if it’s not the right thing. With all that is going on for the child in these times it sometimes leads to drug use, rebellious acts, depression, and peer pressure. Children at these ages feel the need to please everyone around them and will do whatRead MoreCaue and Effects of Peer Pressure2128 Words   |  9 PagesEffects of Peer Pressure Peer pressure has a much greater effect on adolescent teens than any other factor. Think about it, teens spend more of their waking hours with peers than family members. The interaction is direct, and much more powerful than the influence of teachers and other authority figures. Peer pressure tends to have more of an effect on children with low self-esteem. If a child feels compelled to fit in, the teen may do things that go against his/her beliefs simply to be part of theRead MoreAlcohol and Drug Abuse Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent. (Online Dictionary) Although it is legal in the United States it is still illegal to those who aren’t twenty one years of age and other. This includes those persons of age purchasing alcohol for those under age. To some college students, heavy drinking that leads to vomiting is not alcohol abuse but simply having a good time. Alcoholism or alcohol dependence is a chronic disorder characterized by compulsive, repeated, and excessive consumptionRead MoreAdolescent Years1927 Words   |  8 PagesAdolescent Years Paper Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood; it generally refers to a period ranging from age 11 and 19. Adolescence has many psychological and social stages, as well as biological. The beginning of adolescence is usually marked with the beginning of puberty. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or practically nonexistent, depending on the type of culture in which it occurs. Adolescence is somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is filled withRead MoreCommon Problems of High School Students1646 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is the possibility for the student to flop especially in a case where the student is an excellent child. a. The psychological and Emotional issues investigated included psychosomatic problems and self-esteem. It was hypothesized that adolescents who have experienced unwanted family problem. It leads to student to constantly needed approval, lots of things to get attention, and sensationalized/dramatized lots of thing. Some are focusing on the negative side completely but, it give them independenceRead MoreThe Age For Drinking Should Stay The Same1934 Words   |  8 PagesTherefore the age for drinking should stay the same if not raised, because if minors were allowed to drink it would not only obscure the lines between adult and child. Lines like, the number of people who died as a result of drunk drivers each year, or the average age in which someone dies of alcohol poisoning and even the standard age in which one attends an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. Leaving children to battle the pain of murdering someone, addiction and self-inflicted sickness before the age of twenty

My Mother Is My Blessed Gift free essay sample

She has been through a lot in taking care of me since I was still an infant. Right up to now, she has never given up on me and I am sure, a mother never does. In my own eyes, I have always seen my mother as a very special and unique person with a lovely and altruistic soul. As we all know, a mother is every child’s gift and each and every one of us deserves one. No one’s life is ever complete without a mother somewhere throughout their life. In addition to that, I am extremely blessed to have her in mine and I also feel very lucky to have her helping me and supporting me with my studies. My mother and I are very close. Almost like best friends. We spend nearly every moment of the day together like going shopping, hanging out at the cafe or just at home. We will write a custom essay sample on My Mother Is My Blessed Gift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though I have a really good relationship with my mother, we sometimes have the bitter times. For example, we argued about things we both don’t agree on or I complain when she gives me chores up to my neck. Furthermore, whenever I look at my mum, she is always beautiful in the inside and it makes me go back to memory lane.I love her with all of my heart and I would never abolish my relationship with my mother. It is very hard for me to express my feelings about her just in words because there is so much to say that’s hard to explain. As long as I understand, I feel overjoyed. Satisfaction never runs out in my life while my mother is still here with me and nothing can ever end it. Not only my mum is very important to me, but I am glorified with full of pleasure because of my mother. Up till now, she still treats me like a new born baby who needs tender love and care.I guess I’m very blessed by god just to have her. I can verbally and physically testify that she is a glorious mother who had thought us well enough to become mannered whenever we approach at someone’s house because everyone always say we are well mannered and I would tell them why. But my mother just laughs and pats our back. I’m certain that she knows I love her to pieces. I drew a picture of her standing with a background of a house and she had red hair, dress entirely in red, everything in red to the landscape.It was her favourite colour and I wanted to surprise her with the drawing. She loved it and said I would become a very good artist one day. I felt really proud when she said it. Usually everyone classifies a mother as someone who only does housework. But to me, that is a typical stereotyped mother. My mother is different in a way where she can do multiple tasks at one time, cooks, cleans up the house and most important of all, she has time to spend with her family. Although she is frequently working and going out of station, but she still makes an effort for it.Overall, I respect my mother in every way and manner and I can’t figure out a solution to how I can repay her with all her blessings upon me and everything she has given up for me. Besides that, I have and will cherish the memories in my heart whether it’s the past or the future. I promise I will never mess up my chance while I have her in my life because once you screw up, you can never turn back. And I mean what I have said. I love you, mum and thank you for all you have done for me.

The Renaissance Essays (378 words) - Medieval Philosophy

The European Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars as that between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happened during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. The Renaissance was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church held most of the power and its economy was agriculturally based. Exploration and learning was almost put to a stop. During the Renaissance society was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions with an urban commercial attitude. Also, people's curiosity overcame their fear and many people started to venture out and explore. New schools and colleges became more and more common. The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan, and Venice. Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on different things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist. Humanism was a subject concerned with humankind and culture. They stetted various things such as Latin, Greek language, literature and philosophy. Music and mathematics were also studied as well. The Renaissance gave way to new forms of painting, art, and sculpture. During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been to the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, compared to poets and writers. Many artisans merged mathematics with art, in order to become more precise in their measurements and to make sure an object was supported both rationally and proportionally. As a result painters tried and often succeeded into making their painting a window into the world. Artists also studied the way light hits objects and the way our eyes perceive light. A new kind of paint called oil paint was used. This allowed the artist to create texture, mix colors, and allow more time for corrections before it dried. The printing press was probably the most important advance in technology. Europeans first used movable metal type to print a book. On small pieces of metal they engraved single letters of the alphabet. These could then be arranged and rearranged to form words and sentences.

Harassment in the Workplace Essays

Harassment in the Workplace Essays Harassment in the Workplace Paper Harassment in the Workplace Paper Journal of Academic and Business Ethics Sex, harassment and the workplace Cliff Fisher Purdue university Abstract Last year, high profile individuals, such as presidential candidate Herman Cain, former MIFF chief Dominique Strauss Kahn, and Weeklies founder Julian Ganges, Strauss-Kahn, made major media coverage, because of alleged issues relating to SEX. Now that I have your attention, this paper targets sexual harassment, therefore we will not be dealing with notion, Strauss-Khans alleged sexual abuse charge, nor Julian Gangues sexual assault charges. Khans The focus Is on sexual harassment, not to commit violations of Title VII of the CIVIC Call Rights Act of 1964 and Its amendments, but to help educate employers, In order to prevent these costly legal actions and payment of damages, or If they cannot be prevented, then to reduce the exposure Involving actions that might not have been preventable. The Civil Rights Act and its amendments do not require a general civility code on employers, nor does it require a utopian work environment, but it does require that employees not be sexually harassed, with one exception. Dealing with the based on ewe element requiring that the harassment that occurred because of the complainants ex gender, and did not occur to members of the opposite sex. Steiner V. Showboat Operating Co. , and Harris v. : Forklift Systems Inc. Both deal with this issue. This Issue is evident In Harris, when the president of Forklift Systems Is found to have made comments to female employees, often In front of others, regarding their appearance and their Intelligence; In one Instance, he called an employee a dumb ass woman, and in another situation, he suggest that a female employee and he go to the Holiday Inn to other goatee your raise. The president also asked only female employees to retrieve coins from his front pants pocket, and threw objects on the ground in front of the women and asked them to pick them up. He made no such requests of male employees. This paper also deals with quid pro quo tangible employment action issues and a hostile work environment, which includes constructive discharge. The theory of vicarious liability under agency relation legal standard will indicate why and how TTY agency-relation employers can be liable for actions of their employees, In addition, the allowably of employers for actions of customers for sexual harassment will be covered. Keywords: Sexual Harassment, Ministerial Exception, International Defense segments, INTRODUCTION have your attention, this paper targets sexual harassment; therefore, we will not be dealing with Strauss-Khans alleged sexual abuse charge, nor Julian Gangues sexual assault Khans charges. The focus is on sexual harassment, not to commit violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its amendments, but to help educate employers, in order to prevent these costly legal actions and payment of damages, or if they cannot be reverted, then to reduce the exposure involving actions that might not have been duce EXECUTIVE ORDER 10925 President John F. Kennedy in 1961 signed Executive Order 10925 requiring government contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that employees are try treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color or national origin. On June 19, 1963, five months before his assassination President Kennedy submitted a bill to Congress, which was signed into law on July 2, 1964, and is known as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. One of the more interesting elements is that neither the Executive Order nor the proposed Civil Rights bill included the word sex, and attention is not intended to be drawn to the allegations of extra marital activities of the former activities president, in regard to why he didnt include sex. The term sex was added as a last last-ditch effort by opponents of the statute to thwart the passage of the Act. Sex as a basis of discrimination was added as a floor amendment one day beef the before 2 House approved Title VI, without prior hearing or debate. The bill quickly passed as amended and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Acts prohibition against discrimination based on sex. 3 The word sex in Title VII is where the EEOC in 1980 created the l egal rational to form the Sex Discrimination Guidelines in dealing with sexual harassment in the workplace. Title VII says nothing about sexual harassment, but the Supreme Court in Grids indicated that EEOC guidelines should be shown great deference by the courts. 4 The guidelines define sexual harassment as follows: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when (1) submission to such harassment employment, (2) submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such conduct has the such Ulnae v. Eastern Airlines, Inc. , 742 F. Ad 1081, 1084 (1984). Holloway v. Arthur Andersen co. , 566 F. Ad 659, 662 (1977). 3 Mentor savings sank v. Vinson, 477 US. 57, 64 (1986). 4 Grids v. Duke power co. , 401 U. S. 424,433 433-434 (1971). Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 2 purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individuals work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. 5 What happens if the harasser subjects both men and women to the same sexual women harassment? This would be the equal opportunity harasser. Courts often conclude that because both men and women are victimized, the harassment does not disadvantage members of one sex relative to the other, therefore it is not discrimination based on sex. Discrimination In Lack v. Wall-Mart, the court stated that the supervisor was Just an indiscriminately Mart, vulgar and offensive supervisor, obnoxious to men and women alike. 6 The Civil Rights Act and its amendments do not require that employees be treated in ways hat are thought of as being appropriate. Employers can be demanding, tactless, crude, mean, and irritating. This is an unfortunate fact of life, in which the law does not require a general civility code on employers, nor does it require a utopian work environment, but it does require that employees not be sexually harassed, with a few exceptions. Dealing with the based on sex element requires that the harassment that occurred be due to the complainants gender, and did not occur to members of the members opposite sex. The Supreme Court case, Harris v. Forklift Systems Inc. , dealt with this issue, when the president of Forklift Systems is found to have made comments to female employees, often in front of others, regarding their appearance and their intelligence; in their one instance, he called an employee a dumb ass woman, and in another situation, he suggest that a female employee and he go to the Holiday Inn to negotiate your raise. The president also asked only female employees to retrieve coins from his front pants coins pocket, and only threw objects on the ground in front of the women and asked them men had been demeaned and equally abused this would not have been a violation of he Civil Rights Act, even if a hostile work environment was created. 8 Harassment must be discriminatory, not merely abusive or inappropriate to be protected under the Civil Rights Act. Bullying or abuse in the workplace that is not discriminatory under the Civil Rights Act, still might be actionable under civil claims minatory and/or criminal charges for assault, battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and other actions. There are two kinds of sexual harassment protected under the Civil Rights Act. They are quid pro quo and hostile work environment. Quid pro quo means something for meeting or something given or received for something else. Burlington Industries v. Alert, the Supreme Court held employers vicariously liable under agency law principles for the harassment by a supervisor who has authority over the sexually harassed employee. 9 Quid pro quo relates to tangible employment action regarding sexual harassment involving situations where a supervisor or individual with authority over the subordinate with has taken significant adverse tangible employment action, such as discharge, demotion, or an undesirable reassignment against a subordinate employee for the employees refusal 5 9 C. F. R. , Chi. XIV, part 1604. 11 (1980), 1629 C. F. R. Part 51604. [emailprotected]) (200 (2008). Lack v. Wall-Mart, 240 F. Ad 255, 262 (2001). 7 Harness v. Forklift system, 510 U. S. 17 (1993). 8 sterner v. Showboat operating co. , 25 F. Ad 1459 (1994). 9 Burlington Industries v. Alert, 524 U. S. 742, 758 (1998). 6 Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 3 to submit to the supervisors or individual with authority demand for sexual favors. With There are no affirmative defenses available to the employer for tangible employment action cases. Pease v. Alfred Photo Industries, Inc. Indicated that the following five elements must exist for the plaintiff to successfully prove quid pr quo harassment: (1 . ) Plaintiff is a member of a protected class; Plaintiff was subjected to unwelcome sexual harassment in the form of sexual advances or requests for sexual favors from a supervisor or individual with authority (3. ) Harassment complained of was based on sex; Submission to the unwelcome advances was an e xpress or implied condition for receiving some form of Job benefits, or refusal to submit to sexual demands resulted in a tangible Job detriment; and (5. ) Employer knew or should have known of the harassment. 10 player The distinction between quid pro quo and a hostile work environment regarding sexual harassment is important for determining employer liability. Hostile work environment is broader than quid pro quo and does not require an adverse tangible and employment action against the employee. The harassment can be caused by a supervisor, fellow employee, or a third party, such as a customer, vendor or stalker, if the employer knew or should have known of the harassing conduct and failed to take appropriate harassing corrective action. How hostile must the workplace become before the law is violated? In the Merits U. S. Supreme Court case, the court held that for sexual harassment to be actionable, no tangible Job detriment was necessary, but that the hostile work detriment environment harassment must be unwelcome conduct and it must be sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employees employment and create an abusive work environment. 11 Conduct that unreasonably interferes with an employees work performance reaches an actionable hostile work environment more quickly than mere offensive utterances, as does physically threatening conduct. 12 Whether the offensive activity has occurred in Louisiana, which is the 5th Federal District, or in Indiana, which is the 7th Federal District, the Courts have indicated that common sense and context must apply before courts and Juries in determining whether the conduct is severely hostile and abusive. 13 The employer can raise affirmative defenses, if there is no tangible loss from a hostile work environment involving sexual harassment. The defenses are as follows: (1 . ) the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and promptly correct any sexually harassing behavior at its workplace and the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take 10 Pease v. Alfred Photo Industries, I Inc. , 667 F. Soup. 1188 (1987). Mentor v. Vinson, 477 US. 57 (1986). 12 13 Indent v. Freeman Decorating, Inc. , 164 F. Ad 258 (1999); Patty v. Family Health System, Inc. , 280 F. Ad 749 (2002). 11 Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 4 advantage of corrective or preventive opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise. 14 The existence of an employer sexual harassment policy and notification employer procedures will aid the employer in proving an affirmative defense in hostile environment cases. Another defense is that the employer has less than 15 employees. The numerously acquirement goes to the merits of the case, and the employer must raise this defense at the beginning of the case, or the employer is deemed to have waived this defense to liability. 15 A third and creative defense for sexual harassment might be to use the ministerial exception rooted in the First Amendment. The ministerial exception allows religious employers to avoid liability for discrimination when making employment decisions concerning employees who qualify as ministers. 16 The ministerial exception defense was used in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment or Opportunity Commission, which was a Supreme Court case decided January 1 1 , 2012, involved a lawsuit under the American with Disability Act. The Court recognized that the ministerial exception, grounded in the First Amendment, precluded application of employment discrimination legislation to claims concerning the employment relationship involving the ministerial exception. If the government were to interfere with the employment decision of the church, the First Amendment rights under the Establishment Clause could also be in violation. In the recently decided Supreme Court case, Hosanna Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Cheryl Perish, an employee and teacher, brought a claim against Hosanna Tabor. After being deign diagnosed with narcolepsy, Perish began the 2004 2005 school year on disability. When she tried to 2004-2005 return to work in January of 2005, the school reported that they had hired another teacher to fill her position. Refusing to resign from her position, Perish threatened legal action threatened insubordinate and disruptive behavior along with damage done to her working relationship. Perish, along with the EEOC, claimed that her termination was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Under the primary duties test, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Hosanna Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School stating that the court believes that the ministerial exception bars an employment discrimination suit brought discrimination on behalf of a minister, challenging her churchs decision to fire her. 4 While the ministerial exception relates to employment discrimination pertaining to religious institutions, the 1991 Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides a 1964 defense for employers working in foreign countries. The language of the 1991 Amendment may provide protection for an employer regarding sexually harassment allegations involving its employees. Under the 1991 Amendment: It shall not be unlawful under section 703 or 704 for an employer (or a corporation controlled by an employer), labor organization, employment agency, or Joint labor prearrangement committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining (including on-the-Job training programs) to take any action otherwise prohibited by such inning section, with respect to an employee in a workplace in a foreign country if compliance with such section would cause such employer (or such corporation), such organization, such agency, or such committee to violate the law of the foreign country in which such workplace is located. The above section of the 1991 Amendment forces employers to comply with the laws of the country in which the workplace is located. When operating in progressive and satirized cultures, the clash between culture and legislation may be of little d concern. However, as our globalizes economy expands to include a multitude of nations and culture s, the statutory dynamic is changing. If a company operating in the United States begins a venture in Saudi Arabia, the United employer must abide by the laws of Saudi Arabia. If an American woman was to be assigned to a position at this workplace, she would be subject to Saudi law. While her male counterparts could obtain a license and drive, a female is unable to drive in Saudi license 24 see 17 Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 6 Arabia. Under EEOC guidelines, this hypothetical company may have committed sexual discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Since sexual harassment is based on sexual discrimination, there are all kinds of hypothetical in which a female employee might be sexually harassed because of the clothes she wears or doesnt The 1991 Amendment could provide a defense for t employer. The Continuing the hypothetical, Saudi Arabia adheres to a strict policy of sexual segregation. Under strict Islamic Shari law, women are not allowed to be in the dwelling or in a vehicle with an unrelated man. In one situation, a Saudi Arabian Oman who was raped 14 times consecutively by 7 men was sentenced to 200 lashes and 6 months in Jail, and the crime that the woman committed: entering the vehicle of an unrelated male. In a separate situation, a 75 year old woman was given 40 lashes and 4 months in prison for and 27 letting a young man deliver bread to her dwelling . Under the 1991 Amendment, the guidelines for sexual harassment must abide by the laws of the foreign nation. If a woman from employed by a United States global corporation were to be employed in Saudi Arabia, she would be forced to adhere to the confines of Saudi law. Although he law may constitute sexual harassment by our standards, no penalty may be levied against the employer under the Civil Rights Act. Aside from the international impact, the 1991 Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided codified clarification to the burden of proof required to prove an unlawful employment practice. Under 42 USC S IEEE 2000+2: (m) Impermissible consideration of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in religion, employment practices. Except as otherwise provided in this title [42 USC IEEE et see. ], an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party monstrance that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for national any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice. Prior to the 1991 Amendment, it was at the courts discretion to decide whether or not an employment practice was altered through unlawful consideration of race, color, unlawful religion, sex, or national origin. While case law supports the principle that an unlawful consideration need not be the sole factor in altering an employment pra ctice, the burden of proof was unclear. Under the 1991 Name Amendment, the so called mixed-motive dive standard emerged.

How Technology has advanced over the years Outline Essays

How Technology has advanced over the years Outline Essays How Technology has advanced over the years Outline Paper How Technology has advanced over the years Outline Paper Speech Outline Purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to see how far technology has come and be informed of how it has changed our lives. Intro: Imagine for a moment that youre In the 19005. You wake up and go to check your phone. What you pick up is not your phone, Samsung Galaxy, or even a smart phone. You stare at it puzzled, because it resembles a brick and looks like a dinosaur to you. Well what you just grasped was not the kind of cell phone youre used to, it is actually one of the first cell phones ever invented. Today Id like to answer these questions that can help you picture what life was like with such little technology: First, what was the first cell phone and who Invented It? Second, who could afford It and what could it do? And third, what are some other examples of advances In technology and how have they affected us. L. History of technology A. Cell phones 1 . Who Invented It? 2. What did It look like? 3. Who could afford It? B. Computer 1 . Who Invented it? 2. What did the first one look like? 3. Who could afford it? C. Cameras 4. Basic Functions/description about it. II. Cell phones A. Compare it to the 1st phone. 1 . Advancements/explain them. B. APS 1 . Social networking sites a. Backbone b. Twitter c. Instating a. Turning on TV b. Changing room temp c. Turning on lights C. Communication 1 . Text messaging a. More efficient 2. Calling a. Faster than telegraph b. Isnt as expensive 3. Video chatting a. Peacetime, vivo, Keep (1) Allows people to see family members over another person in a different country or far away. Ill. Other technology A. Cameras 1. Not film anymore 2. Digital 3. High mega pixels higher resolution B. Computers Laptops 1. Laptops are portable a. Really fast 2. Computers arent bulky a. Flat screen monitors b. Also a lot faster C. Tablets/pads 1. Made for reading a. Nook b. Pad c. Other tablets 2. More APS 3. Games a. Made for little kids 4. Children use them in school IV. Effects from technology A. Positive 1 . Tasks made easier 2. Easier communication worldwide B. Negative 1. Lazy people a. Teens play video games all day (1 . ) Causing health issues (a. ) Obesity, eye sight problems, hearing from head sets being too loud. 2. Poor social skills a. People are lacking social skills because they always talk to seas/ problems b. Phones at the dinner table are an everyday occurrence. Conclusion: After all the examples of technological advances Eve identified today, you should be able to realize how far technology has come. Cell phones, and other electronic devices, have made a huge impact on our lives and have changed the way we live. Specifically, within our lifetime alone technology has advanced drastically. We use it in everyday situations, and our generation is addicted to it as if our life depended on it.

Marketing Trends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Trends - Assignment Example Internet marketing is a broad field since it not only deals with marketing over the internet, but also incorporates marketing done through wireless media and e-mail. Electronic customer management and digital customer systems are also grouped together when it comes to internet marketing (Harris, 2011). Internet marketing also brings the technical along with creative aspects of the internet like design, development, sales and advertizing together. Consumer Movement Consumer movement refers to a marketing symptom, which indicates the changing relations between buyers or consumers and sellers (Dameron, 2012). The alerting and changing relationships in consumer attitudes are a long run and continuous character. A person needs to search beyond consumer attitudes in order to understand the consumer movement. Furthermore, it is only the current years that these consumer activities and interests have enhanced to such a point where it could be termed as a movement (Dameron, 2012). Consumer mo vement is known to affect marketing in various ways that will be discussed later in this article. Brand Identity A brand refers to the term, name, symbol, design or any other feature, which identifies one seller’s products from those of other sellers (Kinsley, 2009). Brand identity started as a way of telling one person’s goods from another. ... Unique items, which could only be formerly be located at flea markets, are now being auctioned over the internet with websites such as Amazon and eBay. The effects of putting a company ad over the internet are profound. Online marketing has a large impact on numerous industries including banking, music, flea markets, as well as advertising (McDaniel, 2009). As advertisers are increasing and putting more budget than before in the online world, online marketing is now overtaking other mediums such as radio advertizing in market share, in terms of market share. In the music industry, a lot of consumers have begun downloading music files with fee over the internet. The internet has provided a large platform for musicians to sell their music over the internet. Exceptional items, which were formerly located at flea markets, are now being sold over the internet on sites such as eBay and Amazon (Pearson, 2010). Consumers also tend to look at internet prices before they go to flea markets. It is, therefore, advisable for firms to consider internet marketing since it is proving to be beneficial. Consumer Movement The consumer movement is not a strenuous movement. It comprises of diverse elements with different interests and objective (Dameron, 2012). However, what unifies these groups is that they all advocate for consumer protection. Some fascinating developments that are assisting the consumer movement comprise of enhancements occurring in the field of consumer education and a number of noticeable changes, which have occurred among business organizations. Consumer protection is now being incorporated in educational courses at diverse levels

The pathology of Parkinson's disease, and how to counteract it Essay

The pathology of Parkinson's disease, and how to counteract it - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of Parkinson’s disease commonly referred to as PD as one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. PD affects mostly the neurons located in the nervous system. The affected neurons located in the basal ganglia cavity get deteriorated affecting the normal functions of the nervous system resulting in rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. The resulting PD conditions get worse with age making it complicated to treat and control. More studies have to be conducted in an effort to come up with better strategies to counteract the disease. In order to identify different treatment methods, the pathology of the disease has to be understood which has also proved to be a complex process. Studies conducted earlier have failed to identify the main factors behind PD irregular form making it almost impossible to come up with a single method of treating the disease. Parkinson’s condition normally affects the dopaminergic cells located in th e substantial nigra region by altering their normal activity of secreting dopamine. Dopaminergic cells form part of the neural circuits and once the circuit inside the basal ganglia is affected, the process of regulating movement will be inhibited.   The movement regulation process involves both the indirect and direct pathways which are responsible for inhibiting and facilitating movement respectively. This implies that when the dopaminergic cells are lost, the disease condition will result in a movement disorder. PD results to the loss of more the 70% of the dopamine cells at its onset which is later followed by dopamine terminals asymmetric loss taking place in the striatum. When a patient is affected by PD, his or her circuitry balance in normally lost. Such loss comes about as a result of dopamine depletion. The parts that are affected in this case are the indirect and direct pathways whose nuclei are responsible for inhibiting the thalamus. When the activities of these nuclei found in the pathways increase, the inhibition process is consequently increased reducing the normal movement of a person. Another conditions resulting to the disease is the degeneration process that takes place in the presence of proteinaceous inclusions, which include; intracytoplasmic and Lewy bodies (LBs) (Blandini 1). The Lewy bodies are located in the brain cells and consist of different types of proteins which after degenerating they give rise to the PD conditions affecting the brain and the nervous system. The LBs can be easily identified when they affect the brain cells as they are spherical in shape with a core that is central and granular with a fibrillary halo surrounding it as shown in figure 1 bellow. The SNC activities are responsible for some of the PD symptoms including movement execution, tremors and muscle rigidity (Blandini 6). Figure 1 showing a Lewy body located in the brain cell (Cuerda 102). The death of Nigral cells is normally facilitated by the presence environmental toxins and the reduced number of Nigral cells consequently results in protein aggregation and mitochondrial defects (Blandini 1). The death of nigral cell is thus one of the main causes of neuron degeneration. Some of the factors leading to nigral cell death through abnormal apoptosis regulation include; impaired mitochondrial activities, proteasomal impairment or glutamate receptors excessive stimulation (Cuerda 102). Several methods of treating and controlling PD have been proposed. Among the many strategies is the L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) which is the oldest and the mostly commonly used (Schapira 102). L-DOPA treatment targets nervous system barrier between the brain and blood forming a reduced section of the brain as shown in the figure bellow. Once in the brain, L-DOPA is converted to the dopamine where it is broken down to form various systems of enzymes in the brain.

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Example for Free

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Social networking is even used to prove the legitimacy or credibility of the individual. From entertainment, information to career improvement, social networking has practically changed the way people communicate and interact online. But social networks still have to face certain challenges especially on the users’ end since these challenges could harm users and the social network’s reputation. It is important for users of social network to consider these issues that surround the social network. By remembering these challenges, users will be able to protect themselves from negative repercussions on some issues on social network. Privacy as the Main Concern The number one problem users as well as social network administrators face everyday is security. It can happen in any given time with or without the user online. Attacks on different social networking website are always a possibility because the data protected by social networks are too precious to be ignored by attackers. Viruses, spywares and worms that aim to crawl through security protocols of social networks are constantly threatening social networks. Considerable time and resources are always spent by social networks in order to maintain privacy of their users. A single attack could make every user vulnerable to security related problems such as identity theft. Information Access Access to social networking websites varies. Some website will allow any user to access information of persons even though they are not part of the user’s network while some social network prohibit access to any form of information without confirmation from the profile owner. Problems regarding information access could be completely controlled by user but unauthorized access could still happen especially for those who are just starting to understand the rules of different social networks. Updated Notification Every social network provides real time notification usually through email if there are any changes in the user’s profile. But most notifications are very limited and they are usually on the positive things that happened on the social network. For example, when a request to connect is asked, the user will automatically be notified through email or any messaging system the user prefers. But social networks will never inform the user if someone willingly removes their connection. This is done to avoid confrontations between users which significantly affect the relationship. Misuse of Social Networks Unfortunately, there are those who use social network for scams and other illegal purposes. There have been reports around the world that social networks are used to spread rumors, lies or degrading messages that could affect the person’s reputation. â€Å"Cyber bullying† or an act of being hostile to another user online has also been observed in some social networks. This type of actions should never be allowed in any social network. Users have to be careful on the veracity of the data they receive and to take actions as soon as possible as soon as something undesirable is found on social networks. Protection for Children Aside from privacy and misuse of social networks, the vulnerability of minors is also a big problem for all social networks. While some social networks are geared towards adults, most social networks are open to everyone – including minors. Unfortunately, minors on social networks could become targets of sexual predators that can cloak their real identity in different social networks. While some legislators have taken steps in preventing these offenders from using social networks these efforts could be easily curtailed especially when the offender is more than familiar with the internet.

Analysis of Patrick Henrys Speech to the Virginia Convention

â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death!† This statement from Patrick Henry’s â€Å"Speech to the Virginia Convention,† delivered to the House of Burgesses, has been quoted by many, becoming almost clichà ©. However, the declaration is truly understood by a select few. The unjust Stamp Act passed by the British crown in 1765, brought fame and notoriety to Henry as he spoke out against the unjust taxation without representation. Ten years later on the eve of revolution, Henry calls upon the Colonial government of which he is part, to act for the betterment of the people. Patrick Henry attempts to persuade the House of Burgesses to revolt and declare war against Britain by logically convincing them that it is their natural right to be free and calling on their patriotism and pride as leaders of colonial America. Throughout his speech, Henry justifies his argument for going to war, by logically explaining himself to the leaders of the American colonies. Obviously â€Å"men often see the same subject in different light.† Therefore, Patrick Henry uses this in a step-by-step explanation of why he believes that the colonies should join together in revolt. He states, because men have different views, he wishes to express his own, without â€Å"be[ing] thought disrespectful,† to anyone in the House. This shows his call on logos, because he logically goes through a process of explaining why his opinion even matters to the House. Continuing, he asserts that because he has an outlook on the topic, he therefore should express that viewpoint, or he would consider himself, â€Å"guilty of treason.† He believes he would be hurting his country by not standing to assist it in the way he sees best fit. In addition to the previous example, as Henry is speaking, he asks, â€Å"What... ...e colonial leaders, by stating he is ready to die for his cause. This would make the members of the house introspective and look into their hearts to see if they are ready to die for their cause. Henry excites fear by stating he is so passionately ready to sacrifice for his country. This play towards pathos, or appealing to the audience’s emotions, is an effective way of trying to convince the House to go to war against Britain. This pathos combined with the logic of Henry’s speech, makes for a convincing argument. Logically taking the house step by step from stating that because he has an outlook on their situation, he should express it to them, to stating his argument before the House, to saying that lacking freedom is worse then death, then taking it full circle pronouncing he would prefer to be â€Å"give[n] death† then to have his freedom taken away by the British.

Rc Cola Marketing Plan Essay

I. Executive Summary The 2013 Marketing Plan of Adobo Connection chain of restaurants outlines an approach in sales promotion as a newly established restaurant in Metro Manila and to sustain in the preceding years of business. Since the establishment couldn’t afford a commercial advertisement, we believe that providing leaflets and other kinds of cheaper advertisement as our sales promotion. To sustain in the preceding years, a product diversification for a new target market is our proposal. The sales target are roughly around P 500, 000, 000 for next year or a 5% projected increase in sales. 1 II. Company Background A. Company History Established by a Harvard Business School graduate, Mr. Jerome Uy, Adobo Connection is a chain of restaurants that showcase the food and feeling of the Filipino home to everyone. Having around P 5, 000, 000 as an initial capital, the first store was opened in November 2010 in Makati. Backed by the same team that won the Best Foreign Franchise in the 2009 Entrepreneur Franchising Awards, Adobo Connection is now one of the fastest-growing Filipino franchises having 40 stores in Metro Manila and another 9 stores soon-to-open. 2 A. Company Marketing Organizational Chart 3 B. Current Marketing Situation A. Market Situation Adobo Connection now is one of the fastest-growing Filipino franchises and the largest food franchise dedicated to our national dish. The initial investment is at least P3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of the location. The restaurant’s main buyers are Filipinos. They prefer Adobo Connection because of its delicious food at an everyday-affordable price, good ambiance and quick service. B. Company Situation 1. Historical Company Data | 2010| 2011| 2012| Industry Sales| 1 700 000 000| 2 390 000 000| 3 260 000 000| Company Market Shares| 7.05%| 10.04%| 14.11%| Sales Revenue| 120 000 000| 240 000 000| 460 000 000| Row 1 shows the industry sales of the whole adobo restaurant from 2010-2012. Row 2 shows the company market share of Adobo Connection in the entire industry. Row 3 shows the sales revenue of Adobo Connection from 2010-2012. 4 2010| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 120 000 000| 7.05%| Adobo Republic| 80 000 000| 4.70%| Others| 1 500 000 000| 88.23%| Total| 1 700 000 000| 100%| 2011| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 240 000 000| 10.04%| Adobo Republic| 150 000 000| 6.27%| Others| 2 000 000 000| 83.68%| Total| 2 390 000 000| 100%| 2012| Sales| Market Share| Adobo Connection| 460 000 000| 14.11%| Adobo Republic| 300 000 000| 9.20%| Others| 2 500 000 000| 76.68%| Total| 3 260 000 000| 100%| C. Competitive Situation Adobo Connection major competitor is Adobo Republic. This competitor has different strategies, valuations, competitive advances and niches in the market. With its niche market and undeniably fair-priced offerings, Adobo Republic has entered the process of expansion and currently has 3 branches, with more to come. And is continuously expanding and creating new stores with great and comfortable ambiance. New home-style meals are currently being developed to offer a wide variety of dishes to their customers. 5 COMPETITIVE LIST OF ADOBO CONECTION AND ADOBO REPUBLIC PRODUCTS AND ITS PRICES ADOBO CONNECTION| PRODUCTS| REGULAR| WITH SOUP & DRINK| Adobo Specialties| Solo Serving| Kuya’s Fried Chicken Adobo Meal| 99.00| 115.00| Kuya’s Fried Pork/Mix Adobo Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Chicken Adobo saGata Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Pork/Mix Adobo saGata Meal| 119.00| 135.00| Mama’s Sweet Chicken Adobo Meal| 99.00| 115.00| Mama’s Sweet Sweet Pork/Mix Adobo| 109.00| 125.00| Lola’s Classic Chicken Adobo Meal| 109.00| 125.00| Lola’s Classic Pork/Mix Adobo Meal| 119.00| 135.00| ADOBO REPUBLIC| PRODUCTS| REGULAR| ADOBO GALORE(w/ Salted Egg & Tomato)| Solo Serving| Adobo Diablo(Hot & Spicy Pork w/ Adobo Rice)| P120.00| Adobo saGata(Chicken, pork, or Mix w/ Steamed Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Pork (W/ Adobo Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Mix (Chicken, Pork w/ Adobo Rice)| 115.00| Adobo Chicken (w/ Adobo Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Liver (w/ Adobo Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Squid (w/ Steamed Rice)| 110.00| Adobo Flakes (w/ Adobo Rice)| 100.00| 6 D. Distribution Situation Adobo Connection Franchise main office is located at Jollibee Center 9th floor, San Miguel, Pasig City. It has several stores in Pasig, Manila, Makati, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, Taguig, Pasay, Muntinlupa, Las Pinas, Paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon, Calabarzon area, and Cebu. At present, the company has grown from 18 to 45 branches nationwide. There are 8 branches in Manila; 7 branches in Calabarzon area; 5 branches in Quezon City; 4 branches in Makati; 4 branches in Mandaluyong; 2 branches in Pasig; 2 branches in Muntinlupa and 1 branch in Taguig, Pasay, Las Pinas, Paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon and Cebu and others are under construction in some places. E. Macro Environment Situation The Philippines has long been undermined with long-term structural problems such that sustainable economic development is yet to be a dream come true. It has been affected by the crisis in a decline in these aspects: export and foreign direct investments. Heavily dependent on electronic and semiconductor exports, the Philippines has seen a downward trend in its export earnings as countries in demand of these exports are now in recession. Foreign direct investments (FDI) lowered because of investors losing confidence in the financial market. Lower Foreign direct investments mean slower economic growth. Having such power and confidence, Adobo Connection has now reached its popularity in the market world. With the continued use of Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Research & development and new menu offerings; HR, legal, and finance consultation and Continuous training; Graphic design for marketing and store designs; Inclusion in public relations and national marketing campaigns and efforts;and Quality control and audits, it achieved lots of development in a short period of time. And it motivates the owners to re-create and conceptualize Adobo Connection to better cater to its market with much more affordable costs than any other adobo restaurant. 7 IV. Opportunity and Issue Analysis A. Opportunity Analysis The main opportunity facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. It is the fastest-growing Filipino franchise as of the current year 2. They expand intensively into other parts of the country. 3. Adobo Connection could add more services to satisfy their customer’s needs and wants. B. Threats Analysis The main threats facing Adobo Connection are as follows: 1. High competition with mass fast food chain. 2. Some customers prefer a home cooked adobo. 8 C. Main Strength The main strength facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. Serves many variety of adobo’s (pork or chicken; sweet, spicy; wet or dry) 2. It is affordable 3. Concentrated brand identity 4. Great locations of branches 5. Great ambiance 6. Good quality of employees 7. Growing many number of franchise 8. Young and professional managers were selected carefully, trained and developed to lead store teams in their quest to achieve high food, services, cleanliness and condition. D. Weakness Analysis The main weakness facing Adobo Connection is as follows: 1. They do not offer meals that can satisfy group customers 2. Not all Filipino’s know their food chain 9 E. Issue Analysis The main weakness facing Adobo Connection are as follows: 1. Should the Adobo Connection diversify their product into fried food, family-size sodas, etc in order to sustain their place in the market? 2. Should Adobo Connection enhance their services offered? 3. Should Adobo Connection increase its advertising and promotion expenditures to match competitors’ expenditures? V. Objectives A. Financial Objective 1. Continuous P 1 000, 000, per day sales 2. To achieve the target sales of P 500,000,000 – 600,000,000 at the year of 2015 B. Marketing objectives 1. To promote Adobo Connection with minimum cost of advertising. 2. To expand the number of franchise outlets from 42 up to more in different malls in metro and also in the other places local and international. 3. Create customer’s loyalty though service qualities efficiency. 10 VI. Marketing Strategy A. Target Market Adobo Connection will focus in aiming young adults and adults as their market segment. B. Positioning Adobo Connection will position as offering â€Å"Home quality service, best value yet quantity wise food†. Adobo Connection is a fast-food chain where you can feel your heart most. By diversifying their product adding new services but would maintain good quality of employees, fast service of food, variety of choices and great ambiance to their food chains customers would come back for more. Customer would not look fast food chain as same old monotonous menu again but would truly enjoy the burst of colorful Filipino cuisine. C. Pricing Strategy Adobo Connection will maintain their affordable prices for their target market as young adults with no works or with adults with works but in a tight budget. D. Services Adobo Connection will maintain their good quality services such as the ambiance, great employees ,fast service of food, But we intent to add more services in order to be more known and unique with the other fast food chains. 11 * Bottomless Barako connection- where student and office workers can do their works or share their experiences with their social society by the Wi-Fi connection and unlimited coffee offering. * Suggestion Hotline – where customers can directly speak out their suggestion or even complains. E. Sales Force Adobo Connection will meticulously select their managers carefully, trained and developed to lead store teams in their quest to achieve high food, services, cleanliness and condition. There employees most especially cooks are required to be trained with six months of training to master a high quality yet fast services of food. Crews are also mandated to have passion in serving their customer who will treat them as their visitors in their house. F. Distribution Channel Adobo connection will focus on putting their stores inside the mall, near school and beside office buildings. Hopefully they could also put up stores internationally. G. Advertising Adobo connection will use low cost promotion yet would reach their target market. It is the most low cost yet highly effective advertising for small and growing business by using the social media as their medium. 12 VII. Action Program ACTION PROGRAM| PERIOD| ACTIVITIES| PERSON/ DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBLE| BUDGET| 1. SERVICE| DECEMBER-onwardsJANUARY to DECEMBER| BARAKO BOTTOMLESSCONNECTIONADOBO SWAK| OPERATION DEPARTMENT| P 823,200| 2. SALES FORCE| JANUARY to DECEMBER| EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTHSTORE OF THE YEAR AWARD| STORE MANAGERS, OPERATION MANAGERS| P 197,600| 3. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL| JANUARY to DECEMBER| FRANCHISING| OPERATION DEPARTMENT| P 3.5 Million| 4. SALES PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING| DECEMBER-onwardsJANUARY to DECEMBER| PRINT ADPOSTERSFLYERSSTREAMERSTARPAULINBROCHURESOCIAL NETWORKSSELFIE #ADOBO CONNECTION CONTEST| MARKETING DEPARTMENT| P 25,539,366| 13 The action program no.1 refers to the BARAKO BOTTOMLESS WIFI CONNECTION, it tells about having a free wifi connection in the store and purchasing the barako coffee bottomless at all day, all night in just 49php only. ADOBO SWAK where in there’s a adobo rice in a cup and on the top there will be a special adobo dish in it, and ice tea also for the drinks in just 45php only. As indicated in action program no.2 our company will have our own website. The website allows the surfers to get more information about our company and updating reports about us this website will feature about our history, corporate, products, franchising, stores, investor’s information and feedback. And also, surfers will be able to email us their comments and suggestions. The operation department will be responsible with thus action program, and the allotted budget is P 125,000. Employee of the month refers to the incentives that the company will give to the employees who will perform their tasks we ll. Every month store managers will be choosing the best employee. The recipient will get an incentive of P 200 worth of gift certificate. This program will be enabling the sales force to do their best and boost their morale. The allotted budget for this is P 117,600. About the citation of the company to the branch which earned an outstanding sales and focus on the product quality, cleanliness and efficient service. The â€Å"Store of the Year† will received P50,000, while the â€Å"Model Store† which is the second place will received P30,000. The person responsible will be the Operation Manager. The allotted budget for this is P80,000. 14 Action program no.3 refers to the Franchising, The initial investment is at least P3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of location. For the 5-year franchise fee of P650,000, you receive: ​Use of the Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Site procurement assistance; Store design assistance; Initial recruitment and training for the whole team; Opening team support; ​and the Adobo Connection Operations Manuals.​ For the continuing fees of 5% of sales (2.5% royalties, 2.5% marketing support), you receive:​ Continued use of Adobo Connection brand, logo, and system; Research & development and new menu offerings; HR, legal, and finance consultation;​Continuous training; Graphic design for marketing and store designs; Inclusion in public relations and national marketing campaigns and efforts;​and Quality control and audits.​ As indicated in action program no. 4 our company will develop a new advertising campaign through PRINT AD, POSTERS, FLYERS, STREAMERS, TARPAULIN, and BROCHURE and also in SOCIAL NETWORKS by launching their new menu, the introduction of new product line as well as traditional adobo recipes. SELFIE #ADOBO CONNECTION CONTEST, where in there will be a contest about taking of pictures with their favorite dishes in adobo connection and it will be posted on https://www.facebook.com/adobocon and we will see how many likes will they get and they will have a chance to win different prices. 15 BREAKDOWN OF THE EXPENSES FOR THE ACTION PROGRAM ACTION PROGRAM| ACTIVITIES| BREAKDOWN OF EXPENSES| TOTAL| 1. SERVICE| BARAKO BOTTOMLESSCONNECTIONADOBO SWAK| 49php/servingWifi connection plan with phone P1,400 X 12 months X 49 stores = 823,20045php/serving| P 823,200| 2. SALES FORCE| EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTHSTORE OF THE YEAR AWARD| P 200 X 12 months X 49 stores=117,600P 50,000 + P 30,000= 80,000| P 117,600+P 80,000= P 197,600| 3. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL| FRANCHISING| | P 3.75 Million (including the franchise fee), depending on the size and condition of location.| 4. SALES PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING| PRINT ADManila BulletinP 133,799Addt’l. 80% full colorPhilippine StarP 121,600Addt’l. 80% full colorPosters P98/pieceFlyers P 3/pieceStreamers P 400/pieceSelfie AC Contest1st Prize = 10,0002nd Prize= 5,0003rd Prize=3,000| P 133,799 x 1.80 x 52 weeksP 121,600 x 1.80 x 52 weeksP 98 X 49 stores X 10 pcs./ storeP 3 X 49 stores X 8,000 pcs./ storesP 400 X 20pcs. X 49 storesPhp 18,000 cash prize| TOTAL PRINT ADP 23,905,346+P 48,020P 1,176,000P 392,000+P 18,000TOTAL = P 25,539,366| 16 VIII. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT Projected Profit and Loss Statement Adobo Connection Projected Profit and Loss Statement For the year ended December 2013 Income Net salesP372 000 000 Royalties and Franchise fees___8 450 000 Total sales380 450 000 Expenses Cost of Sales: Inventory, January 1 P1 420 000 Purchases 57 000 000 Total available for sales 58 420 000 Inventory, December 31 1 690 000 60 110 000 Operating Expenses: Salaries and Wages 2 000 000 Sales Promotion 180 000 Rent Expense 9 600 000 Light and Water 1 920 000 Licenses and fees 120 000 Depreciation and Amortization 45 000 Repair and Maintenance 35 000 Miscellaneous _ _ 420 000 14 320 000 Income from Operation 74 430 000 Internet Expense 31 500 000 Income before Income Tax 24 600 000 56 100 000 17 IX. Control A. Efficiency Control 1. Predictability a. Rational people need to know what to expect b. Satisfaction of taste and benefits of the customer 2. Distribution Efficiency a. Manage the service time of food b. The taste and freshness of food when it reaches to the customers 3. Awareness efficiency a. Hands-on manager who keeps an eye on the inventory and staff and uses her calculator and brain to make sure the food is priced fairly and b. prepared accurately and served efficiently 4. Market efficiency a. Observe the pricing of food 18 B. Budget Control 1. Check the financial reports every month of the year 2. Monthly monitoring of menu pricing to accommodate any inflation the restaurant is absorbing from its suppliers, or periodically discontinues menu items that are too expensive to make as a result of inflation. 3. Monitor the sales and markets of the company every quarter of the year 19 C. Appendices Places| Adobo Connection| Adobo Republic| Makati| 4| 2| Quezon| 5| 1| Mandaluyong| 4| 1| Pasig| 2| 1| Manila| 8| 1| Pasay| 1| | Muntinlupa| 2| | Las Pinas| 1| | Paranaque| 1| | Caloocan| 1| | Malabon| 1| | Calabarzon| 7| | Cebu| 1| | Taguig| 1| | Total Number of Stores 39 6 20

Cost, volume, and profit formulas Essay

The cost-volume-profit analysis is a business tool which companies utilize in order to analyze the effects of changes on costs and volume in its profits. It has five major components namely, volume or level of activity, unit selling prices, variable cost per unit, total fixed cost, and sales mix. The volume of level of activity refers to the quantity of the product which is sold. Unit selling prices is the amount that the company sells one unit of its product to the customers. In CVP analysis, costs are classified as a either variable or fixed. Variable cost per unit refers to the costs which can be directly attributed to the production of the product like direct labor and materials. Fixed costs on the other hand, are costs which are incurred even if the company increase or lessen its level of activity. Sales mix is applicable to business organizations which has two or more products. It refers to the breakdown of sales according to product types. 3&4. Based on the formulas you have reviewed, what happens to contribution margin per unit when unit selling prices increase? Illustrate your explanation with an example from a fictitious company of how an increase in unit selling prices might affect contribution margin. Holding everything constant, an increase in the unit prices will directly increase the contribution margin per unit by the amount of price increase. For example, company A sells a burger for $2. 00 incurring $1. 50 for the production. Contribution margin is then $0. 50 ($2. 00-$1. 50). If unit price is raised from $2. 00 to $2. 50, the company’s contribution margin per unit will increase by $0. 50 which is equal to the amount of price increase ($2. 50-$1. 50). The contribution margin due to this price increase will be equal to $1. 00. 5. When fixed costs decrease, what does this do for sales? Illustrate your explanation with an example from a fictitious company. A decrease in fixed cost will have a direct impact in the required sales of the company in order to reach break-even or generate a target profit. In general, a decrease in fixed cost lowers the required sales as part of the previous fixed cost will now be counted as profit. Take for example, Starjuice which sells orange juice for $1. 00 per bottle/unit, has variable cost of $0. 70 per unit, and fixed expenses of $10,000. Starjuice wants to generate a profit of $5,000. Thus, it needs to sell ($10,000+$5,000)/($1. 00-$0. 70), 50,000 bottles of orange juice or $50,000 in total sales to reach this target. However, when fixed cost has decreased to $4,000, then the company only needs to sell ($4,000+$5,000)/($1. 00-$0. 70), 30,000 bottles or $30,000 in total sales. 6&7. Define contribution ratios. What happens to contribution ratios as one of the components changes? The contribution margin ratio refers to the ratio of the contribution margin to the unit selling price. For the Starjuice example above, the contribution margin ratio is 0. 30 or 30% as the contribution margin of $0. 30 is 30% of the total selling price of $1. 00. The changes in the contribution margin are often facilitated by the changes in unit selling price and variable costs. An increase in the unit selling price which is discussed above to enhance contribution margin will subsequently bring a rise in contribution ratio. On the other hand, a decrease in selling price will also bring a decline in contribution ratio. Increase in variable cost will directly lessen contribution margin thereby lowering contribution ratio. However, a decrease in variable cost will increase contribution margin and increasing contribution ratio.

immigration irish essays

immigration irish essays Like most of the Irish, Kearneys family probably lived as farmers on a tiny farm they didnt own. Potatoes were grown because they took so little land and they grew well in the moist soil of Ireland. Potatoes were probably the main food of the Kearney family. Therefore, when the potato blight hit, the family probably had as little food to eat as the rest of the Irish. The famine lasted over 10 years. The worst years were from 1840 to 1850, when over a million in Ireland died of starvation. It was in 1840 that 12 year old Martin and his family left County Mayo, Ireland for a better life. Travel to America at that time was horrifying. Many sailed in coffin ships or fever ships. They were called that because a lot of ships werent seaworthy, and typhoid fever and other diseases killed man passengers. The ships were cargo ships, not passenger ships. The conditions were filthy. The food was disgusting. Passengers were crowded below deck, and there wasnt enough water to wash. The trip often took 3 months. The conditions on some ships have been compared to those of slave ships. When they arrived in America the Irish immigrants were treated very harshly. So many Irish arrived during the famine years that America couldnt absorb them. They were a different religion. They were unskilled in labor. They tended to remain in the large Eastern cities. They lived in slums, the poorest are of the cities. They were hired for only the lowest jobs. The men worked as unskilled laborers building railroads and canals and working in the coal mines. The women were hired as maids. But even so, many advertisements for jobs said things like, Wanted: A woman for a maid. Any color or religion but NO IRISH. Kearney probably entered the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We know he settled in Pittston, where the family remained for 3 and a half generations. Many Irish from County Mayo s ...

Why You Should Say Thank You Instead of Sorry

Why You Should Say Thank You Instead of Sorry Most people say â€Å"sorry† or â€Å"I’m sorry† too often- women in particular. You’re probably aware of whether this is an issue for you. And yes, some situations do call for a true apology: if you bump into someone or you’re expressing sympathy, sorry away! Ditto if you’re expressing genuine regret for a mistake you made. But not all situations call for your apology! Over apologizing can lead others to doubt you or lose confidence in your abilities. Through her comics below, Yao Xiao suggests that you say ‘thank you’ instead. Check out the following comic and see how using â€Å"thank you† instead of â€Å"sorry† can have a much different effect. [Source: The Art of Yao Xiao]

Physiology research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Physiology - Research Paper Example In this regard, the articles primary focus was to establish the functioning underlying the aforementioned cellular mechanism. To this end, one of the methods used was electrophysiology in which all the procedures were concordant to the OHSU IACUC guidelines. This method was soon followed by a procedural process of perforated-patch recordings. The third method or procedure entailed targeted iontophoresis of Ni2+ or Na+. The primary chemicals used in the process were Alexa Fluor 594 hydrazide Na+ salt and Fluo-5F pentapotassium salt derived from Invitrogen. GF-109203X and (-) –Quinpirole hydrochloride were from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville,MO,USA), NBQX, R-CPP, D- AP5, and SR95531 were derived from Ascent Bristol. The remaining chemicals were derived from Sigma-Aldrich. Finally, all the statistical data were tabulated as means  ± standard error of the mean (SEM). In addition, an ANOVA in tandem with a Mann-Whitney U test was used. Furthermore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test were changed to cumulatice probability distributions. To this end, the findings indicated that calcium-permeable ion channels played a pertinent role in the generation of spontaneous bursts within the auditory brainstem neurons. In this regard, the research exhibited that T-type Ca 2+ channels that were concentrated on the site of action potential initiation in the axon initial area plays a pertinent role in the spontaneous burst creations. Moreover, the calcium influx resulting evident as a block in the auditory system neuron was enough in the conversion of neurons bursting spontaneously within the neurons that fired and exhibited a regular pattern. Evidently, within the auditory brainstem interneurons, the influx of axon initial segment is down-regulated selectively through signalling of dopamine. The research equally showed that the block of calcium could be mediated through the assistance of the

Longing for Freedom Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Longing for Freedom - Coursework Example Once in the small and the forgotten places he finds on the map (the book is named for the blue highways that are the small state and county roads on his map) it may be an out of the way diner or caf, a little college community, even a monastery, he retells histories and tales that make these places significant in their own way. He found out much that was new and strange to him: one thing that struck him and made him think was repeatedly finding one shoe as he made his way across the country. Where was the other shoe Why would someone throw one shoe out the car window What good was the other one, alone He finally concluded, without much conviction, that all those solitary shoes were the result of people dangling their feet out the window, with one shoe accidentally flying off and out onto the roadside. "On the old highway maps of America, the main routes were red and the back roads blue. Now even the colors are changing. But in those brevities just before dawn and a little after dusk - times neither day nor night - the old roads return to the sky some of its color. Then, in truth, they carry a mysterious cast of blue, and it's that time when the pull of the blue highways is strongest ..." Blue Highways is more than just an autobiographical road novel - it contains innumerable aspects of the 'American road culture', ranging from ethnical problems and the undeniable importance of diners to the true significance of road literature. In other words, W. Least Heat Moon somehow assists in determining the myth of the road and he invites the reader to join him on a more abstract kind of road, namely that from the past to the present. Having Native American ancestors himself, Least Heat Moon also lays enormous emphasis on the aspect of race and ethnicity on the road. Why do people leave home to go on such an extended road trip What is the myth of the road that fascinates so many And above all, what do such road protagonists expect to find or discover on the road For William Least heat Moon the journey is on the one hand a sort of escape from home and on the other hand it obviously represents an attempt to forget or even heal. "Etymology: 'curious', related to 'cure', once meant 'carefully observant'. Maybe a tonic of curiosity would counter my numbing sense that life inevitably creeps toward the absurd. 'Absurd', by the way, derives from a Latin word meaning 'deaf, dulled'. Maybe the road could provide a therapy through observation of the ordinary and obvious, a means whereby the outer eye opens an inner one." (Blue Highways, p.17) As the name 'Least Heat Moon' already indicates, his ancestors were Native Americans and thus his journey is as well an occasion to search for his origins, to somehow trace his ancestral roots. Most road protagonists set out alone with the simple reason to find their true self. For William Least Heat Moon this search for himself requires the loneliness of the back roads and this purity of experience. However, although the loneliness of the back roads is quite an important aspect, Least Heat Moon knows that it is exactly his traveling alone that also brings him into contact with people that makes him

Colony colapse disorder Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Colony colapse disorder - Case Study Example The queen is also present meaning that the hive is not dead. Before the actual CCD takes place, the colony members always become reluctant to eat the food (protein supplement and sugar syrup) provided. CCD is if great global significance because a very high percentage of agricultural crops are pollinated by bees. Background information on miticides, antibiotics, and neonicotinoid pesticides Neonicotinoid pesticides are commonly used in various parts of the world. This group of pesticides assume the model of nicotine which is a natural insecticide. Neonicotinoid pesticides act on the central nervous system (CNS) of insects causing excitation of nerves and finally, paralysis. Evidence from research has revealed that the use of pesticides like neonicotinoid pesticides and nicotine-based pesticides greatly affects the functioning and learning abilities of honeybees. This is very critical to the workers since they are the most active and dependable members of a colony. According to Gary e t al (2009), it has been documented that neonicotinoid pesticides levels that are able to affect the ability learning of bees occur in pollen hence they affect bees that feed on such pollen. There is an increasing threat on honeybees and their hives by mites and this has increased the dependence on miticides in order to control the situation. Basically, miticides are used in agriculture, to control the spread of mites. This is important because mites have a key role to play in the loss of good health among honeybees. However, the intensive use of these miticides has led to the development of their resistance by mites. To add an injury to this, toxicity tests conducted on bee hives have revealed that the levels of miticides in many bee hives has greatly increased (Mullen et al, 2010). Miticides are destructive to colonies of bees because they accumulate in bees wax. Bees wax is a least renewable resource in the hive hence it provides a base on which persistent pesticides can accumula te and cause toxic house syndrome (Mullen et al, 2010). In modern medicine, antibiotics are among the medications that are prescribed most frequently. Antibiotics are important for both animals and plants because they kill or injure disease-causing bacteria. However, it has been found that their use contribute to deficiencies of the immune system while their prolonged use lead to antibiotic resistant diseases and super-pests. Many commercial beekeepers administer antibiotics on regular basis as a protective measure against brood diseases hence honeybees have not been exempted from the effects of prolonged use of antibiotics. It has been found out that the major bacterial diseases that attack bees have also developed resistance to antibiotics. Resistance to pesticides has triggered the development of genetically modified crops that are thought to be producing pollen that also cause CCD (Gary et al, 2009. Potential Causes of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) The causes of CCD are still u nder investigation and almost every realistic and conceivable cause is a possibility. Four areas of research focused on by scientists in early times included bee management stresses such as poor nutrition, environment-related stresses, parasites and pathogen, and pesticides and chemicals. In the early studies, scientists had ruled out some conditions and practices from being probable causes of CCD. They include chemicals used by the

Notes on the Ethical Theories Essay Example for Free

Notes on the Ethical Theories Essay Immanuel Kant (notice that he lived in the 1700’s and people likely had different views back then), a philosopher, believes that using reason, one can make a list of ethical actions. Kant says that one must generalize the certain action he is about to do to see if it is reasonable. For example, you ask yourself â€Å"should I cut the line in the cafeteria?† The way you can answer this question is by asking yourself â€Å"What if everyone cut the line?† Of course, if that happened then there would be chaos, so you shouldn’t cut the line. This also applies to stealing, murdering, and keeping promises. He basically says that everyone is equal and you shouldn’t justify your actions to yourself because you are not special and you wouldn’t want others to do that to you. â€Å"Treat others as you would have them treat you.† Golden Rule. But, if only you do this and no one else does you are going to get eaten up by the world. This may contradict a person’s adaptability and may negatively appeal to emotion; you will feel like a B-. Veil of ignorance- You have two people who love cake. Tell one person to cut a cake in half but let the other choose which half to take. Again, Golden Rule. Kant says there is a difference between objects and people, you can replace objects but not people. Someone broke my computer, I am sad. He buys me a new one, I am happy. I am about to die, my parents are sad. They can clone me, should they be happy? He also says that you shouldn’t kill people for the greater good. But what if they were murderers or rapists aren’t they causing sadness, and their deaths would in fact be for the greater good? Kant sees that a persons intentions that count rather than the final result. But what if I am helping a person, who is bad and corrupt, against a thief who is only trying to feed his family, quite the dilemma. Kant uses only reasoning rather than emotion so that people always do what is right rather than when they feel like it. Consistency is key to his theories. Criticisms of Kant Moral Absolutism You can’t always not lie. What if a murderer wants to kill your dad? Your dad hides and then the murder breaks in and asks you were he is. If you follow Kant’s ideas, you would tell him where your dad is. There must be some sort of emotion to counteract those who do not follow the philosophy of Kant. But again, Kant is saying that EVERYONE should do this, and this murderer wouldn’t exist in Kant’s ideal world. Rule worship- To blindly follow rules without using your own knowledge. â€Å"If rules can not be bent, then they should be broken.† Conflicts of duty- should you steal the medicine for your dying wife? Should you save your grandmother from the burning house or the doctor who can save many people? Moral coldness- The world would be emotionless and sad. There will be little space for happiness because everything is going to be so constant and emotions will have a very small presence. Utilitarianism- Seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number. What if you could randomly pick 10 people to die and save 100? Would you do it? You can say yes, because it logical, you use no emotion what so ever. That goes against Kant though because he says that people have dignity and you shouldn’t take that away. You can say no, where you are mostly using emotion.

Is Canada a Post-Industrial Country? Essay -- Economics, History

The term post-industrialism refers to a transition from one form of society to another; the original society being an industrial society, mainly dominated by forms of specialized physical labour, and the latter being a service and knowledge dominated format. An industrial society has many unique and definitive characteristics that separate it from a post-industrial one. Some of these characteristics include the heavy use of machinery in large factories; the use of fossil fuels to power the machinery; the specialization of jobs allowing for increased productivity, which led to urban expansion. In regards to class dynamics, there are/were few people at the† top†, who own the factors of production, and many front-line, blue-collar workers at the â€Å"bottom.† The huge gaps in income, status, and control between these two groups produced an imbalance of power; considered a negative aspect of industrialism. With Industrialism, work is specialized, and it has been said that these workers were alienated from the goods they helped produce as a result. In contrast, a post-industrial society marks a shift from a society based on the mass production of goods to one that hinges on the provision of services. In this type of society, capital switches from bodies and heavy machinery to knowledge, as with knowledge comes creativity, a force seemingly responsible for economic growth in a post-industrial society. As far as creativity is concerned, it can flow from the skills of an engineer, a scientist, an artist, etc. Much emphasis is placed on the upgrading of human capital and of attaining some form of specialized education. This type of knowledge-based economy logically offers more opportunity to those with a high-level education, creat... ...s Canada created in this post-industrial era. Are the jobs a small amount of high-end and high-paid service jobs that require large investments in human capital or are they low-end service jobs that require minimal education and training? Works Cited Krahn, H., Lowe, G. Hughes, K. (2008). Work, Industry & Canadian Society. (5th ed.) Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd. HRSDC Labour statistics Division. (2009). The Canadian Labour Market at a Glance 2007. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada. HRSDC Labour Statistics Division. (2007). Looking Ahead: A Ten-Year Outlook for the Canadian Labour Market (2006 – 2015). Ottawa, ON: Retrieved from http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/publications_resources/research/categories/labour_market_e/sp_615_10_06/supply Critoph, Ursule. Et al. (2010). Sociology of Work and Industry. Alberta, CA: Athabasca University.

Use of Images in Understanding of Documents in Cross-Language Information Retrieval

The introduction of the research paper clearly gives the solution for Cross-Language Information Retrieval and that being used for image in understanding foreign languages.The author goes on to say that a document can be represented using series of images that has been drawn from significant terms in the document itself and therefore, because of this the document can be understood quiet simply as a whole or partly.The research clearly gives the introduction to CLIR. The researcher says that if the above mentioned technique works then there would be no requirement for, Translation as these images can be used for multi-lingual representation.Reduced dependency on lexicons. No need for maintenance. No need for human translation. No need for computer based translation.The technique would use images that are available on the internet. The researcher then tries to derive sub-sets of images of languages. The aim of the paper is to see how images can be used in document understanding, so tha t all the above advantages can be benefited from. The paper is a generalised research looking into the following areasWhether search terms and images are similar in meaning. Theory development what the subject understand from the images. Images for language sub-sets. Research into the uses involved. Research into the search categories of words and images returned.Research ContextThe research context takes the reader through the entire cycle of CLIR, how the research started and how it has evolved over the period of time. CLIR itself is described, defined and explained in different ways so that the reader can understand the depth of it.Documents are available in different languages and that requires the computer user to have at least a minimum understanding of the language to comprehend it. Document representation has not been that effective keeping in mind documents that far technical or that needs a higher level of understanding. CLIR is used inA multi-language search using only on e query language. Searchers understand the document but are not efficient enough to query in the same language.A person who does not understand English can retrieve documents in English by a query in their own language or a language they understand. All the above points are reflected in research done by Grefenstette (1998a), Oard (2001), Sanderson and Clough (2002), Pirkola et al (2001), Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998).According to Rosch et al (1976) object categorisation is done with reference to a ‘basic level’ categorisation. The basic requirement for CLIR is the World Wide Web (Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998), Ballesteros and Croft (1998a) and Grefenstette (1998a)) and available on-line documentations.Some of the approaches of CLIR are Document Translation, Query Translation (Dorr (1996), Resnik (1997), Hull (1998) and Fluhr et al (1998), Ballesteros and Croft (1998a)), Parallel Corpora (Scott McCarley and Roukos (1998)), Latent Semantic Indexing (Dumais et alâ₠¬â„¢s (1996)). The researcher has very effectively explained the different approaches to the CLIR explaining the methods adopted from the very beginning.The advantages and the disadvantages are clearly explained using references to Oard (1998), Scott McCarley and Roukos (1999). The enormity of pages (Google (2003)) makes indexing of documents in foreign languages very difficult to translate.   CLIR with images stated off with Sanderson and Clough (2002) research requires no form of gisting to judge the accuracy of the returned item because a correlation is got between the retrieved image and the searched text.The only area that the researcher does not explain is the kind of difference in subject, styles and types of recovery. So it is vague in understanding the possible errors or misinterpretation that can arise if these points are taken into account.Machine translation types (Hutchins and Somers (1992) and Somers (2003)) have been explained; direct, transfer and interlingua along with the limitations (Leech et al (1989)) have also been explained. Limitations being in the area of speed ((Somers 2003) and (www.speechtechnology.com (2003)), ambiguity (O’Grady et al (1996:270), (Hutchins and Somers (1992)).Context and Real World Knowledge (Somers (2003)), Problems with Lexicons (Reeder and Loehr (1998)), Not Translated Words (Reeder and Loehr (1998)), Unknown Proper Nouns (Ballesteros and Croft (1998a)), Compound Words (Hutchins and Somers (1992), Sheridan and Ballerini (1998)), New Words ((O’Grady (1997)), Document Context (Somers (2003)), Minority Languages (Somers (2003)), Babelfish (Hutchins and Somers (1992)) and Sub Languages (Somers (2003)) are all well explained with examples.